Chapter 29 Section 4 The Vietnam War Riddlebarger The War Ends Chapter 29 Section 4 The Vietnam War Riddlebarger

“I will not be the first president of the United States to lose a war

Widening the War Nixon war pledge Henry Kissinger Secret Negotiations Peace With Honor Vietnamization Henry Kissinger Secret Negotiations Madman Theory

Troop Withdrawal Protesters and response silent majority 540,000 in 1969 Only 24,000 remain by 1972 Protesters and response silent majority

Cambodia Secret Expansion of war Cambodia Laos Underestimating North Goal Bombing Ground troops Laos Underestimating North Death of Ho (1969)

Increasing Protests April 30, 1970, Nixon goes public about Cambodia Increased protests Beginnings of Watergate?

Campus Violence http://people.bu.edu/sobieraj/images/KentState.jpg

Kent State May 2, 1970: anti-war protesters at Kent State set fire to ROTC building. Gov. James Rhodes sends in National Guard May 4: Students gather for anti-war demonstration Four killed; 9 injured (some weren’t even protesters)

Kent State bbs.keyhole.com/.../ Number/30972/an//page//vc/1

Jackson State Jackson State (Mississippi) protests take place 9 days after Kent St. State police fire at protesters in dorm 2 dead; 9 wounded Impact in America

Anti-War Movement Goes On Growing anti-war movement Constitutionality? Nixon and silent majority Oct. 16, 1969: national day of protest Nov. 1969: largest anti-war rally in U.S. history: 250,000 march on Washington

Veterans Protest April 1971: Veterans hold protest in Washington

Radical Protests Some feel demonstrations don’t do enough to end the war. The Weathermen

My Lai Late 1969: Americans learn of My Lai Massacre March 1968

Pentagon Papers 1971: Secret government documents leaked that trace history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam Pentagon Papers

End of U.S. Involvement In 1972, Nixon continuing “peace with honor” George McGovern http://www.coverbrowser.com/image/time/2590-1.jpg October 1972

26th Amendment 26th Amendment voting age from 21 to 18 young supporters McGovern impact?

Nixon Re-election campaign Law & order Quick end to war Kissinger: “peace is at hand.”

1972 Election Announcement of possible peace helps Nixon win in a landslide.

A Peace Agreement Who faced more pressure to come to an agreement? peace talks break down. Christmas bombing Jan. 1973: Agreement is reached terms Agreement did not address future of South Vietnam. Who faced more pressure to come to an agreement? US faced domestic pressure at home; NV had no such issues.

Legacy of Vietnam 2 years later, North Vietnam invades South April 1975: they take Saigon (South capital) Evacuation April 30: South surrenders Unification

Wars Effect on SE Asia Large numbers killed 185,000 ARVN 450,000 South Vietnamese civilians Estimated 1 million VC/NVA Severe environmental damage Vietnamese refugees

Cambodian Violence Communist forces take over Cambodia: Khmer Rouge Vietnam control 1979-89

Effects on Veterans About 58,000 Americans killed in Vietnam. POW’s. Torture & solitary Return home Paralysis, severe wounds Impact of medical advances Agent Orange Cancer, birth defects homecoming for Vets PTSD

Wars Political Impact Win or lose distrust in government $150 billion national debt Inflation distrust in government War Powers Act (1973)

Healing From the War Coming to terms Vietnam Memorial dedicated in 1982 U.S. and Vietnam resume normal relations in 1995.

The Three Soldiers statue at the Vietnam Veteran's Memorial, Washington, D.C. - wikipedia