Section 1 Where are Ethnicities distributed? Ellie Nompleggi Group 5.4

Ethnicity- identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. *Ethnicity comes from the word “ethikos” which means nation, or nationality. -Two most numerous ethnicities in the U.S are African Americans and Hispanics. Race- identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor. -African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asian Americans, and Native Americans (American Indians, etc.) are all dominant races in the United States. African Americans: comprise 13% of U.S. Hispanics/Latinos: comprise 13% of U.S. Asian Americans: comprise 4% of U.S. Native Americans: comprise 1% of U.S.

Clustering of Ethnicities Clustering of ethnicities occur on two scales: -particular regions of the country, or - particular neighborhoods within cities African Americans: highly concentrated in rural south/northern cities; southeast (string of states above Florida and Detroit, MI are highly populated) Hispanics/Latinos: highly concentrated in southwest/north U.S. ; southwest (along Mexican border & in Texas, California, Florida, & New York.) Asian Americans (25% Chinese, 20% Filipino, 12% each of Japanese, Asian Indian, & Vietnamese): highly concentrated in Hawaii/California; out towards the west. Native Americans: highly concentrated in Alaska/Plains states; southwest.

African American Migration Period one- Africa to American colonies (18th century Period two- U.S. South to northern cities (first half of 20th century) Period three- inner city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods (second half of 20th century) - Africans were forced to migrate west (to U.S.) as slaves, and that’s how many of them ended up here. * Northeastern states were anti-slavery. *Southeastern states were pro-slavery. - In Middle Ages, slavery was replaces in Europe by a feudal system, meaning laborers that worked the land (serfs) couldn’t migrate anywhere else; they were bound to that place, and had to share a portion of their crops with the landowner.

-African Americans moved from place to place by chain migration. Sharecropper- works fields rented from a landowner, and “pays rent” by turning over a portion of their crops to the landowner. Boer- farmer Afrikaners- Africans -African Americans moved from place to place by chain migration. -Ellis Island was a big migration center. 1991- South Africa’s legal system changed 1994- Nelson Mandela was elected president and ended the apartheid system. Centripetal force- unifies; pulls together Centrifugal force- separates; pushes apart * African National Congress is an example of a centrifugal force. -Descendants of whites took over the South African government and created the Apartheid system, which is “legal segregation”.

* Each race had a “legal status” which determined where each race could live, work, attend school, shop, and own land. * African babies were either classified as white, black, mixed, or Asian. * Blacks had the lower hand. * During the 70’s and 80’s other countries weren’t fond of the apartheid system so they “cut off” South Africa. * Blacks & whites were especially segregated. - Led to boycotts and protests against the unjust - “White flight” was when whites emigrated from an area, anticipating that blacks would immigrate into that area; made whites feel inferior. * Detroit was a big area where blacks migrated to, and “white flight” occurred.

Homelands- where blacks were supposed to live, according to the apartheid system. * There were 10 homelands to choose from: Created homelands- Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, and Venda. Proposed homelands- Qwaqua, Gazankula, Kwazula, Lebowa, Ndebele, and Swazi.

Differentiating Race and Ethnicity Races are listed on the census. For example ~ Asian, African, Hispanic.. Some blacks come from Latin America, Pacific Islands, or Asia. Hispanic/Latino isn’t “technically” considered a race; not included in the census. Racism- belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities, and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. Racist- someone who subscribes to the beliefs of racism. *House deeds proclaiming that chosen houses couldn’t be sold to blacks, Jews, or Catholics. Blockbusting- real estate agents convinced whites living near black areas to move and sell their houses cheap, knowing that blacks would be moving into that area, causing the property values to decline. *Real estate agents’ way of getting more money by acting cryptic.