Chapter 13 BIOTECHNOLOGY (This is only a skeleton powerpoint…only the blank sections of notes are included. Please refer to your notes for all of the information!)

Stem Cells Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions

Embryonic Stem Cells Capability of dividing into almost any cell if cells are separated (if not, they specialize into human structures) VERY controversial! Why? Ethical concerns concerning source of cells (fatal to embryo)

Adult Stem Cells Used to repair same kind of tissue that they come from Very little controversy in using these Can be obtained with consent of donor Not lethal

Inbreeding Mating between closely related individuals Breed: a selected group of organisms with a species that has been bred for particular characteristics

Hybrids The offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait usually larger & stronger than parents Eg: wheat, rice, corn, roses

How can you tell the genotype? Test Cross Usually homozygous recessive crossed with another

Genetic Engineering Must cut (cleave) DNA from one organism into small fragments, and insert fragments into host organism of same/different species Aka recombinant DNA technology Made by connecting fragments of DNA from different sources

What is GFP? Green flourescent protein Can be seen with ultraviolet light What is its function? To trace proteins/bacterial/viruses throughout an organism

What is an organism’s genome? The total DNA present in the nucleus of each cell Human genome: millions and millions of nucleotides

What are restriction enzymes? proteins that recognize and bind specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within that sequence What function do they serve? aka endonuclease -cuts viral DNA into fragments after it enters bacteria One example: EcoRI

Gel Electrophoresis Separates the DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments

What is transformation? Process of bacterial cells taking up the recombinant plasmid DNA

Gene Cloning Using recombinant DNA molecules as genetically identical copies of the original Clones: genetically identical copies

Transgenic Organisms Plants/animals that contain functional recombinant DNA 3 types: Animals: mice, fruit flies, goats -produce proteins, organs, test drugs Plants: soybeans, corn, cotton -insect/frost resistance, vaccines Bacteria: insulin, growth hormone -clean up oil spills, decompose garbage

Human Genome Project International project to determine sequence of the 3 billion nucleotides that make up human DNA Finished in 2003 Also identified the 23,299 genes

Less than 2% of human genome actually codes for proteins All other areas are called non-coding sequences, because they do not have any function But they are still unique to each individual

What’s the next step? To identify the actual genes & their functions

DNA Fingerprinting Process of separating DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis in order to observe the distinct patterns that are unique to each individual

Gene Therapy Technique used to correct mutated genes that cause human disease Normal gene is inserted into chromosome to replace bad gene Produces recombinant DNA that eventually takes over

Genomics The study of an organism’s genome