Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability G. Tyler Miller, Jr.’s Environmental Science 10th Edition Chapter 1

Key Concepts Population Growth and Sustainability Resources and Resource Use Pollution Causes of Environmental Problems

World Population Fig. 1-1 p. 1

Human Population Milestones World Population Reached 1 billion in 1804 2 billion in 1927 (123 years later) 3 billion in 1960 (33 years later) 4 billion in 1974 (14 years later) 5 billion in 1987 (13 years later) 6 billion in 1999 (12 years later) World Population May Reach 7 billion in 2013 (14 years later) 8 billion in 2028 (15 years later) 9 billion in 2050 (22 years later) Fig. 1-3, p. 4

Living More Sustainably Ecology Environmental Science Sustainable Society

What Keeps Us Alive? Capital Solar Natural Fig. 1-2, p. 3

Human Population Growth Fig. 1-4, p. 6 Fig. 1-4, p. 6

Economic Growth Gross National Income (GNI) GNI Purchase Power Parity (GNI PPP) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Gross World Product (GWP) Per capita GNI Per capita GNI PPP

Economic Development Developed Countries Developing Countries

Environmental Effects of Poverty Fig 1-5, p. 6

Resources Perpetual Renewable Non-renewable Fig. 1-6 p. 7

Renewable Resources Sustainable Yield Environmental Degradation Tragedy of the Commons

Ecological Footprint Fig. 1-7 p. 8

Non-Renewable Resources Energy Resources Metallic Resources Economic Depletion Fig. 1-8 p. 9 Non-Metallic Resources Recycle Reuse

Pollution What is pollution? Effects of Pollution Sources Point Nonpoint

Dealing With Pollution Prevention (Input Control) Cleanup (Output Control)

Major Environmental and Resource Problems Fig. 1-9, p. 10

Environmental and Resource Problems: Five Root Causes Fig. 1-10, p. 10

I = P × A × T Environmental Impact I = environmental impact on an area P = human population A = affluence, resource usage per person T = any negative effects from technologies Fig. 1-11 p. 11

Environmental Impact Fig. 1-11 p. 11

Human and Environment Interactions Fig. 1-12 p. 11

Historical Changes in Human Culture Hunter-gatherers Agricultural Revolution Industrial Revolution Information and Globalization Revolution

First Crop-growing Technique Fig. 1-13, p. 13

Agricultural Revolution Good News Bad News More Food Destruction of wildlife habitats from clearing forests and grasslands Supported a larger population Killing of wild animals feeding on grass or crops Longer life expectancy Fertile land turned into desert by livestock overgrazing Higher standard of living for many people Soil eroded into streams and lakes Formation of villages, towns, and cities Towns and cities concentrated wasted and pollution and increased spread of diseases Towns and cities served as centers for trade, government, and religion Increase in armed conflict and slavery over ownership of land and water resources Fig. 1-14, p. 14

Industrial Revolution Good News Bad News Mass production useful and affordable products Increased air pollution Higher standard of living For many Increased water pollution Greatly increased agricultural production Increased waste production Soil depletion and degradation Lower infant mortality Groundwater depletion Longer life expectancy Habitat destruction and degradation Increased Urbanization Biodiversity depletion Lower rate of population growth Fig. 1-15, p. 14

Globalization Social Economic Environmental Effects

Fig. 1-16, p. 15

What is Our Greatest Environmental Problem? Disease Overpopulation Water Shortages Climate Changes Biodiversity Loss Poverty Malnutrition

Solutions Current Emphasis (Reactive) Sustainability Emphasis (Proactive) Fig. 1-16, p. 18