Chapter 7 Confederation and Constitution

confederation: a loose association or league of states Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 106-109 confederation: a loose association or league of states

Organization and Achievements of Confederation Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 106-109 Organization and Achievements of Confederation Articles of Confederation, 1777 developed by John Dickinson had one governing body and a congress elected yearly

emphasized the states over a strong central government Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 106-109 emphasized the states over a strong central government

Adoption of the Articles of Confederation Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 106-109 Adoption of the Articles of Confederation The Articles needed to be ratified by each state. Land distribution was the greatest contention among the states.

Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution

Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 106-109 compromise Congress was given control of the western lands and made them “public domain.” Each state obtained an equal vote in congress.

Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 106-109 Congress based tax assessments in the slave states on the value of improved lands rather than population.

Political Power Under the Articles congressional powers Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 106-109 Political Power Under the Articles congressional powers lacked the power to tax could declare war/make treaties, manage Indian affairs, establish a postal system, and coin money

The states agreed to cooperate in certain issues. Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 106-109 state powers controlled foreign and domestic trade the ability to tax The states agreed to cooperate in certain issues.

Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 106-109 Lasting Achievements The most important legislation passed by the Confederation Congress dealt with the western lands. Both pieces of legislation were written by Thomas Jefferson.

Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 106-109 The Northwest Ordinance of 1785: provided for surveying and selling the western lands The ordinance divided the land into areas of 36 square miles called townships.

Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution

structure: a governor, three judges, and a secretary Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 106-109 The Northwest Ordinance of 1787: provided government for these western lands structure: a governor, three judges, and a secretary

Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 106-109 5,000 citizens: population with which the region could elect its own legislature 60,000 citizens: population with which the region could apply for statehood (write constitution)

Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 110-114 Unfortunately, the Confederation Congress failed in several areas. These failures, which became obvious right away, highlighted the many weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

Administrative Weaknesses inability to enforce its laws Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 110-114 Administrative Weaknesses inability to enforce its laws economic weaknesses couldn’t tax lacked power to regulate trade didn’t have the sole authority to coin money

still controlled western forts stopped American ships Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 110-114 Problems with Britain still controlled western forts stopped American ships Problems with France and the Netherlands unable to repay loans

wary of American westward expansion Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 110-114 Problems with Spain wary of American westward expansion right of deposit: ability to stockpile goods while awaiting export southern boundary dispute (31st parallel)

many people going bankrupt Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 110-114 Discontent at Home many people going bankrupt Daniel Shays: led an armed mob to destroy court records (Shays’s Rebellion)

Preparation for Change Annapolis Convention, 1786 Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 110-114 Preparation for Change Annapolis Convention, 1786 purpose: help resolve disputes between the states

Philadelphia Convention, 1787 (Constitutional Convention) Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 110-114 Philadelphia Convention, 1787 (Constitutional Convention) purpose: revise the Articles of Confederation chairman: George Washington decided to abandon the Articles and create a new government

opposed by several leaders of the Independence movement Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 110-114 opposed by several leaders of the Independence movement

Men Who Brought Change James Madison Alexander Hamilton Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 110-114 Men Who Brought Change James Madison “America’s first political scientist” “Father of the Constitution” Alexander Hamilton

Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 114-120 Constitution: a document that describes how a government is to work and gives its basic laws

needed a stronger central government needed to be a republic Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 114-120 Points of Agreement needed a stronger central government needed to be a republic

Concerns and Compromises level of power held by central government Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 114-120 Concerns and Compromises level of power held by central government possibility of some states becoming too powerful slavery and commerce

Virginia Plan (Large State Plan) Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 114-120 The Great Compromise Virginia Plan (Large State Plan) would have two legislative houses, both based on population New Jersey Plan (Small State Plan) called for one legislative body with equal representation

Great Compromise proposed by Roger Sherman Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 114-120 Great Compromise proposed by Roger Sherman called for two legislative houses: one with equal representation, the other based on population

Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution

The Commerce Compromise Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 114-120 The Commerce Compromise north: wanted tariffs to protect their industries south: opposed tariffs to protect their exports

The Three-Fifths Compromise Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 114-120 The Three-Fifths Compromise dilemma: How should congress count the slave population? solution: counted each slave as three-fifths of a person

Written Law: government powers are limited by law Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 114-120 Written Law: government powers are limited by law A law is only good if it agrees with what God says. Separation of Powers: divides the powers of government among the three branches

Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution

Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 114-120 Checks and Balances: designed to prevent the three branches from exceeding their powers A Federal System: divided the power between the national government and the states

Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 121-122 Instead of amending the Articles of Confederation, the men at the Constitutional Convention had drawn up an entirely new plan for the United States. It was nearly impossible to know how the states would receive it.

Ratifying the Constitution Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 121-122 Ratifying the Constitution Federalists: favored the adoption of the Constitution

written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 121-122 The Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison refuted the objections to the Constitution

Anti-Federalists: worked against ratification of the Constitution Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 121-122 Anti-Federalists: worked against ratification of the Constitution opposed a strong central government desired a Bill of Rights ratification: needed nine states to approve

Reasons for Its Success biblical principles patience flexibility Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp. 121-122 Reasons for Its Success biblical principles patience flexibility

Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution