By: Sierra Woolston, Kaitlyn Wahlin, and Katie Adams Motivation By: Sierra Woolston, Kaitlyn Wahlin, and Katie Adams

Motivation Motivation: purpose for or cause of an action Emotions move us to act in two ways: Provides us with information about the world Objectives we strive toward

Hedonic Principle The notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain. Ex. Bus stop

Conceptualization of Motivation Instinct: inherited tendency to seek a particular goal -Nature endows us with certain motivation Sugar water vs. $10,000 Originally Behaviorists rejected the concept of instincts for two reasons: -Behavior was explained by external stimuli -Complex behavior was learned not inherited

Drives Drive: an internal state generated by departures from physiological optimality. -Hunger is a drive -we eat to change our internal state Behaviorists realized fault -ex. Rat Behaviorists believe our bodies act like thermostats

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs Modern motivation is driven by needs Maslow suggested that people don’t experience higher needs until the needs below have been met.

Intrinsic VS. Extrinsic

Intrinsic Motivation… Intrinsic Motivation: a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding. “They don’t have to pay off because they are pay off”

Extrinsic Motivation… Extrinsic Motivation: a motivation to take actions that lead to reward. None directly bring pleasure, but all may lead to pleasure in the long run

Conscious VS. Unconscious

Conscious VS Unconscious Conscious Motivation: a motivation of which one is aware Unconscious Motivation: a motivation of which one is not aware “People tend to be aware of their general motivations unless the complexities of executing an action force them to become aware of their specific motivations.”

Approach VS. Avoidance

Approach VS Avoidance Approach Motivation: a motivation to experience a positive outcome Avoidance Motivation: a motivation not to experience a negative outcome

EATING

Eating Every moment your body is sending signals to your brain about its current energy state. If your body needs energy, it sends a signal to tell your brain to switch “hunger” on and then to switch it off. Ghrelin is a chemical produced in the stomach that tells the brain the body is hungry. Leptin is a chemical secreted by fat cells and it tells the brain that the body is full.

Hypothalamus Some researchers believe that there is no general state called hunger, but instead there are many different “hungers” that is specific to a nutritional deficit. Hunger is controlled by the Hypothalamus, also called the “Primary Receiver”.

Hypothalamus Different parts of the Hypothalamus receive different signals: 1. Lateral Hypothalamus: When this is destroyed, the body will starve itself to death even when food is in front of it. 2. Ventromedial Hypothalamus: Receives satiety signals, and when destroyed people/animals will overeat to the point of obesity or illness.

Eating Disorders Even though feelings of hunger tell us when to eat and stop, people who suffer from eating disorders have a much more complicated time dealing with this.

Eating Disorders 1. Bulimia Nervosa: Binge eating followed by purging. Ingest large amounts of foods in a short amount of time followed by vomitting or taking laxatives to expel the food from the body. -causes: negative emotions; sadness, and anxiety. -worried about weight gain -guilt and self loathing

Eating Disorders 2. Anorexia Nervosa: Intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake. - causes: distorted body image, tend to be perfectionists, and need for control

Eating Disorders Interesting Facts: People with anorexia have extremely high levels of Ghrelin in their blood, this means that their bodies are trying to switch hunger on but that call is being ignored. Average age: 15-19years old Occurs more in women that men.

Obesity Defined as having a body mass index of 30 or greater. Approximately 3 million Americans die each year from obesity related illnesses. Obesity can result from biochemical abnormalities, and seems to have a strong link to genetics.

Obesity If the brain is able to switch the hunger button on and off, why do people overeat? - hunger is just one of many reasons for why people eat. People often eat because of negative emotions, habit, or obligation. Many think that nature designed our bodies to overeat. Our history shows that the main food-related problems that our ancestors faced was starvation.

Obesity The human body resists weight loss in two ways: 1. We increase in size and the number of fat cells in our bodies. -When we lose weight, we experience a decrease in size of our fat cells but no decrease in their number. -Once our body adds a fat cell, it usually is there to stay. It may become thinner when we diet, but it is unlikely to die.

Obesity 2. Our bodies respond to dieting by decreasing our metabolism. -when our bodies feel like they are struggling to get nutrients, they find more efficient ways to turn food into fat.

Mating Food motivates us more strongly than sex because food is essential to survival. But sex is essential to our DNA’s survival. Evolution has ensured that a desire for sex is wired deep to the brain. Glands secrete hormones that travel through the blood to the brain and stimulates that sex drive.

Sexual Interest Dihydroepiandosterone (DHEA) seems to be the hormone involved with the initial onset of sexual desire. -Females produce Estrogen -Men produce Testosterone -These two hormones play a large role in puberty.

Sexual Interest In females, estrogen regulates both ovulation and sexual interest. -If estrogen is not the hormonal basis of women then often times it is testosterone. Men have more testosterone than women, so men have a stronger sex drive.

Sexual Activity Men and women experience different levels of sexual drive, but the psychological response is very similar during sex. Masters and Johnson created a study which led to the “Human Sexual Response” This response has 4 phases: 1. Excitement phase 2. Plateau phase 3. Orgasm phase 4. Resolution phase

Mating Sex is necessary for reproduction, of course, but many of the sexual acts are preformed for other reasons, including: experiencing pleasure, coping with negative emotions, increasing intimacy, pleasing one’s partner, impressing friends, and reassuring one’s own attractiveness.

Test questions What is the first need to Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs? What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation? Hunger is controlled by the Hypothalamus, it is also called the? * In what state of mind are people likely to be aware of their motivations?