Emergence of an Ordered Society Ch 22: Economic Advance & Social Upheaval

Today A little more chapter 22 Finish Dickens Turn in… Dickens when it’s done Greek independence DBQ outline Anything else you can keep until the test, then turn it in

Focus Question How did European nations respond to the societal & economic changes in the 19th century?

Social Upheaval Rapidly growing cities, increasing gap in social/economic = increase in crime in 19th century Europe

French Police Forces 1828 “Serjeants” Wore uniforms, lightly armed In 1850, there were 500 By 1900, there were 4,000

British Police Forces “Bobbies” 1829 – 1830 About 3,000 officers Primary goal: to prevent crime but also impose order

Prison Reform Imprisonment gradually replaced capital punishment Reformers were motivated by the desire not just to punish criminals but rehabilitate them Britain – kept prisoners in solitary confinement, but this was becoming increasingly expensive Prisons became increasingly under the control of central government

NEW ECONOMIC IDEAS

Thomas Malthus Population growth will outpace food supply War, disease, or famine could control population Poor should have fewer children Did not take into consideration increasing agricultural productivity and already decreasing family sizes

Thomas Malthus Ideas influenced the use of the first official census in Britain Some conservatives used Malthus’s ideas to argue against poor relief

David Ricardo Member of British Parliament Became a hero to the middle class/capitalists for opposing laws that favored landowners “Iron Law of Wages” - when wages are high, workers have more children, more children create large labor surplus that depresses wages, this would leave to starvation/misery/death, cycle would start over again

Jeremy Benthan & John Stuart Mill The Utilitarians: Jeremy Benthan & John Stuart Mill Utility = usefulness Goal of society is “greatest good for the greatest number” Government intervention - provide some social safety net Pushed for reforms

Early Socialism Karl Marx Joined small group of social revolutionaries called Communist League in 1847 Wrote Communist Manifesto History = class struggles Classes oppose/oppress each other Government was being used as a tool for the middle class (bourgeoisie) Now bourgeoisie faced proletariat (industrial working class) who would eventually overthrow their masters A classless society would emerge