Consciousness- -our awareness of ourselves and our environment. **Levels and states of consciousness vary. Brainwave patterns actually show different levels. States of Consciousness -sleep -wake -altered states

Pathological Seizure Brain Damage Pharmacological Drugs

Hypnosis- -A social interaction in which one person responds to another’s suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. Hypnotic Induction- -”your eyes are becoming heavy…” **Hypnotists have no major mind control power. Their power is in the subject’s openness to suggestion, their ability to focus on certain images or behaviors.

Can anyone experience hypnotism Can anyone experience hypnotism? To some extent we are all open to suggestion. -Postural Sway Good Hypnotic Subjects Get caught up in their roles. The more they like the hypnotist, the more they want to please 3. Will continue if they think experiment is ongoing. Will stop if told they are gullible. Tend to have strong imaginations

Can Hypnotism Enhance Recall? -Not always- -we do not encode everything that goes on around us. -We permanently store some experiences and may be unable to retrieve -Sometimes memories can be mixed with fiction or hints Can Hypnosis be Therapeutic? -Yes- -harnesses the power of healing **Posthypnotic suggestions helped alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress related skin disorders -Most successful in obesity -Least successful in drugs, alcohol, smoking

Can Hypnosis Relieve Pain? -Yes! -Can reduce fear thus reducing hypersensitivity to pain -Inhibits pain related brain activity. -50% of us can get some pain relief -10% can be hypnotized so that surgery can be performed.

Social Influence Theory of Hypnosis- -hypnotic phenomena reflect workings of normal consciousness as well as the power of social influence. A person’s physiological state does not change. -subject responds to social demands of the situation -subject responds to authority -subject plays a role

Dissociation Theory of Hypnosis- -theory that hypnosis involves a dual processing state Of dissociation- -a split between different levels of consciousness. -Ernest Hilgard, Stanford -Stanford Hypnotic Suggestability Scale -We voluntarily divide up our conscious -We always have a hidden observer- -a level of us that is always aware.

Biopsychosocial Approach for Hypnosis

2 Biological Rhythms “Circadian Rhythm- -our bodies synchronize with a 24 hour cycle -body temperature changes -affected by age and experience (night owl v. morning lark) Morning Types Tend To: -Do better in school -Take more initiative -Less vulnerable to depression

2. 90 Minute Sleep Cycle -Brain remains active during sleep Alpha-awake but relaxed NREM-1 –slowed breathing and irregular brain waves hallucinations 3. NREM-2 –periodic sleep spindles, bursts of rapid brain activity 4. NREM-3 –deep sleep (Delta waves) After descending back through NREM stages, You hit REM for about 10 minutes

REM- -Rapid Eye Movement -heart rate rises -rapid breathing -eye movement announces beginning of dream -genitals aroused (except in scary dreams) -motor cortex active but brainstem blocks messages to muscles -sleep paralysis -more likely to remember dream if awakened in REM **As night wears on, deep NREM-3 sleep grows shorter and disappears. REM and NREM-2 gets longer.

Psychologists Believe Sleep Evolved for 5 Reasons Protects- -evolutionary perspective Recuperate- - restore and repair brain tissue Restore and Rebuild Memories- -consolidates memories - -people recall better after good night’s sleep Feeds Creative Thinking- -Thinking and learning better after sleep Supports Growth- -pituitary releases growth hormone - -improves athletic ability

*When deprived of sleep, we feel drained of energy and lose feelings of wellbeing. **Sleep Loss is a predictor of depression -15,500 young people 12-18 years old- -those who slept less than 5 hours had 71% higher risk of depression -REM’s sleep processing of emotional experiences help protect against depression. Effects of Sleep Deprivation No energy Depressed Fat- -releases ghrelin (a hunger arousing hormone) decreases leptin (hunger suppressor) increases cortisol 4. Sick- -suppresses immune system 5. Slows reaction time and increases visual errors

Effects on Sleep Patterns Genes Culture Suprachiasmatic Nucleus- -a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. (decreases melatonin) 4. Light striking Retinas signals suprachiasmatic nucleus

-Why different parts of our day show up in dreams. -Link between REM and Memory -Same brain areas buzz when learning a maze and REM -Brain needs stimulation to preserve and expand neural pathways. -Infants with fast-developing neural pathways spend a lot of time in REM -As we learn and develop, we incorporate those concepts in our dreams. -Small children dream in slides. -Fish and other animals do not dream-they do not learn.

Sleep Disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy -genes -may be absence of hypothalamic neural center that produces orexin, a neurotransmitter linked to alertness 3. Sleep Apnea - “with no breathing” -deprives us of slow wave sleep -causes obesity 4. Night Terrors -1st few hours of NREM-3 -usually do not remember 5. Sleep Walking -NREM-3 disorder -runs in families

**We spend 6 years of our lives dreaming. Common Themes in Dreams -Repeatedly failing to do something -Being attacked or pursued or rejected -Experiencing misfortune Why We Dream To Satisfy our Own Wishes - -Freud (manifest and latent functions) To File Away Memories- -sift, sort, and fix the day’s experiences To Develop and Preserve Neural Pathways - -babies sleep a lot when learning To Reflect Cognitive Development- -top-down processing - -kid’s dream in slides