Developmental Theories Overview (Chapter 1)
Understanding the Life Span Two Types of Development Individual Development
Developmental Issues Nature vs. Nurture Stability vs. Change
Understanding the Life Span Developmental Processes Are Split:
The Nature of Development Biological Processes Cognitive Processes Socioemotional Processes
Understanding the Life Span Development Also Split Into Periods: Prenatal Early Childhood Early Adulthood Late Adulthood
Ecological Systems Approach Stresses fluctuations and transitions – the dynamic synthesis of multiple levels of analysis Relatively new Ecological Systems Approach
Understanding the Life Span Characteristics of the Life Span Perspective Lifelong Multidirectional Multidisciplinary Multicultural
Development - Lifelong Research on all phases of development Upper limit of Human Lifespan is Upper limit of Human Life Expectancy is
Development - Multidimensional A continual change of the individual Physically Emotionally
Development - Multidirectional Some abilities increase while others decrease Ability to learn primary versus secondary languages Closeness of romantic relationship versus non-romantic relationships
Development - Plastic Developmental abilities do change over time What developmental aspects are fixed, and which ones can be changed?
Development - Multidisciplinary Development is not only studied by psychologists – it is not only IMPORTANT to psychologists
Development - Multicultural Culture changes over time / geographical location Resistance of specific cultural norms What developmental milestones are present in one culture, but not others?
Development - Contextual Development occurs within a given context Contexts change over time Normative Age – Graded Influence Normative History – Graded Influence Non - Normative Life Events
Theories of Development Psychoanalytic Theories Freud Erikson Proposed 8 distinct stages of development
Erikson’s Theory of Development Divided into 8 stages: Trust v Mistrust ( ) Autonomy v Shame and Doubt ( ) ( 3 yrs – 5 yrs) Industry v Inferiority (6 yrs – onset of puberty)
Erikson’s Theory of Development Intimacy v Isolation ( ) (40’s, 50’s) Integrity v Despair (60 +)
Theories of Development Cognitive Theories
Piaget’s Theory Stage Theory Sensorimotor Stage (infancy – 2 yrs) Preoperational Stage ( ) (7 yrs -11 yrs) Formal Operational ( )
Vygotsky’s Theory Development is fueled through social contact
Information Processing Theory Development follows a gradual incline
Theories of Development Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories
B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Focused only on overt behavior
A. Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Based developmental scheme on observational learning Involves three components –
Theories of Development Epigenetic Theory