Kingdoms Eubacteria & Archaebacteria Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes Unicellular (single-celled organisms) cells without a nucleus and without membrane bound organelles

Common Bacterial Infections Strep throat Anthrax Chlamydia E. Coli Meningitis Salmonella Micrococcus (intestinal)

Bacteria are Everywhere!! Microscopic life cover every square centimetre of the earth

Bacteria are Everywhere!! Microscopic life cover every square centimetre of the earth Smallest and most common type of cells

Bacteria are Everywhere!! Microscopic life cover every square centimetre of the earth Smallest and most common type of cells Range in size: 1-10 micrometers (μm)

Bacteria are Everywhere!! Microscopic life cover every square centimetre of the earth Smallest and most common type of cells Range in size: 1-10 micrometers (μm) Are placed in 2 kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

Bacterial Growth and Reproduction In favourable conditions bacteria can grow and divide rapidly, reproducing in several ways.

Bacterial Growth and Reproduction Binary Fission- (asexual)

Bacterial Respiration Fermentation

Bacterial Respiration Fermentation process that enables cells to carry out energy production without oxygen

Bacterial Respiration Fermentation process that enables cells to carry out energy production without oxygen

Bacterial Respiration Fermentation process that enables cells to carry out energy production without oxygen = Beer

Bacteria are Important! Bacteria are very important to humans:

Bacteria are Important! Bacteria are very important to humans: Food: e.g. beverages, cheese, yogurt, sour cream, pickles, wine

Bacteria are Important! Bacteria are very important to humans: Food: e.g. beverages, cheese, yogurt, sour cream, pickles, wine Industry: e.g. help clean up oil spills by digesting petroleum, mining minerals.

Bacteria are Important! Bacteria are very important to humans: Food: e.g. beverages, cheese, yogurt, sour cream, pickles, wine Industry: e.g. help clean up oil spills by digesting petroleum, mining minerals. Genetic Engineering

Importance of Bacteria

Bacteria in the Environment Bacteria recycle and decompose (break down) dead material Bacteria are saprophytes (organisms that use the complex molecules of a once living organism as their source of energy and nutrients)

Bacteria in the Environment i.e. when a tree dies it goes through many changes: weakens, crumbles and returns to the soil.

Sewage Decomposition

Sewage Decomposition Bacteria is used in the treatment of sewage Bacteria break complex compounds from waste into simpler ones Provides water, N2 and CO2, as well as other products that are used as fertilizers.

Nitrogen Fixation all living organisms require nitrogen (don’t get a useful form from atmosphere) when cyanobacteria and other bacteria take N2 from air and convert it to a form plants can use.

Nitrogen Fixation Bacteria are the only organisms capable of this Many plants have symbiotic relationships with nitrogen fixing bacteria

Bacteria are Important!

Bacteria are Important! They are inside you!

Bacteria are Important! They are inside you! Bacteria outnumber your human cells 10 to 1!

Bacteria are Important! They are inside you! Bacteria outnumber your human cells 10 to 1! You need them to live!

Bacteria are Important! They are inside you! Bacteria outnumber your human cells 10 to 1! You need them to live! This is called your microbiome

Bacteria are Important! They are inside you! http://ihavenotv.com/the-invisible-universe-of-the-human-microbiome 5:28 The Invisible Universe Of The Human Microbiome - NPR

Human Symbiosis with Bacteria Some bacteria develop a close relationship with other organisms intestine provides warm safe home with lots of food for bacteria and we get help digesting food. – e. coli Some can make vitamins we can’t produce!

Bacteria are Important! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzPD009qTN4 How Bacteria Rule Over Your Body – The Microbiome Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell

But there are some “bad apples” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQGOcOUBi6s The Immune System Explained I – Bacteria Infection Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell

First Antibiotic Sir Alexander Fleming

First Antibiotic Sir Alexander Fleming Penicillin

First Antibiotic Sir Alexander Fleming Penicillin An airborne mold that interferes with the ability of some bacteria to make cell membranes

Penicillin Where did penicillin come from?

Penicillin Where did penicillin come from?

Penicillin Where did penicillin come from?

It’s the “bad apples” that are helping us drive forward antibacterial resistance. The creation of “superbugs”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znnp-Ivj2ek What causes antibiotic resistance? - Kevin Wu

It’s the “bad apples” that are helping us drive forward antibacterial resistance. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yybsSqcB7mE Watch antibiotic resistance evolve | Science News Harvard

It’s the “bad apples” that are helping us drive forward antibacterial resistance. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x9MUn5SK9NU Why Superbugs Thrive In Hospitals

It’s the “bad apples” that are helping us drive forward antibacterial resistance. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkHL7g3KxVQ MRSA Superbugs in Meat

So here is our dilemma… The microbes in our microbiomes are essential to our health and well being. The microbes that cause disease can make us sick and kill us.

So here is our dilemma… We are making our microbiomes weaker & less diverse when we use antibiotics, which kill bacteria This can cause all kinds of bad effects on the body But when we need antibiotics, they can save our lives. At the same time…

So here is our dilemma… At the same time… We are making those disease causing bacteria (pathogens) stronger, by presenting them with situations that select for antibiotic resistance.

So… What on Earth are we going to do?