REGULATING the CELL CYCLE http://www.travel-net.com/~andrews/images/animations/traffic.gif

Control of Cell Division Section 10-3 If center cells are removed, cells near the space will start to grow again. SHOWS: Cell division genes can be turned on and off Cells grow until they touch other cells

CELL DIVISION GENES EXAMPLE: Cell division genes can be ________ in case of injury. Cells near injury are stimulated to divide to heal and replace damaged/missing cells and shut off when the repair has been made. turned on

CELL DIVISION GENES Some cells divide frequently (some human skin cells divide once/hour) Some cells divide occasionally (liver cells divide about once/year) Some cells don’t divide once they form (nerve cells)

CELL CYCLE REGULATORS In early 1980’s scientists discovered a protein in dividing cells that caused a ______________to form in _______________ cells Mitotic spindle NON-dividing Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

CELL CYCLE REGULATORS Levels of this protein rose and fell with the cell cycle so it was named __________ because it seemed to control the cell cycle. A whole family of CYCLINS have since been discovered that regulate the _____________________ in EUKARYOTIC CELLS CYCLIN TIMING of CELL CYCLE Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

OTHER REGULATORS INTERNAL ______________ REGULATORS Proteins that respond to events inside the cell. Allow cell cycle to proceed only if certain processes have happened. *Checkpoint control EX: Cell can’t enter mitosis until all the chromosomes have been copied

OTHER REGULATORS EXTERNAL ______________ REGULATORS Proteins that respond to events outside the cell. Signals tell cell to speed up or slow down the cell cycle EX: Growth factors stimulate cells to divide Especially important during wound healing and embryo development http://www.suite101.com/files/topics/6234/files/tail_HumanTail.gif

EXTERNAL REGULATORS Molecules on the surface of neighboring cells act as signals to slow down or stop the cell’s cycle. These signals prevent excessive growth and keep tissues from disrupting each other. Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

Cancer cells have lost control of their cell division genes SEM Image by: Riedell CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells in culture

NO CONTACT INHIBITION Cancer cells don’t stop when they touch nearby they just keep growing! That’s what makes a tumor. http://www.exn.ca/news/images/2000/08/02/20000802-cancer.jpg

Cancer cells Carcinogens Don’t stop dividing Like a “car with no brakes” Can spread to new places (METASTASIS) ______________ are substances that can damage DNA and cause cancer Ex: Cigarette smoke (OR CHEW), Radiation, chemicals in environment, even viruses, Carcinogens http://www.dfci.harvard.edu/abo/news/publications/pop/fall-winter-2004/images/metastasis_1.jpg

Cancer cells Cancer is complicated and can have many causes, but all cancers have one thing in common . . .… They have lost control over their _____________. Many cancers cells have a damaged or defective gene called _____, so they can’t respond to normal cell signals to control their growth. *p53 is known as the tumor supressor gene. CELL CYCLE p53

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