Human Anatomy and Physiology Immune and Endocrine System

Anatomy: Immune and Endocrine Systems There are two kinds of immunity: non-specific and specific General defense against pathogens; don’t target particular types of bacteria or viruses Non-specific - Skin – acts as a barrier Mucous membrane – tissue in respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems that produce mucous to trap pathogens Fever – raising of body temperature to slow pathogen growth Inflammation – swelling of blood vessels that allows WBC to get to the site of infection

Anatomy: Immune and Endocrine Systems Targeting of a specific type of pathogen by the body’s defenses (humoral/cell-mediated) Specific immunity - Humoral – Types of WBC called B cells (because they mature in the bone marrow) that produce antibodies. Antibodies - Small proteins that attach to pathogens and act as signal flags, marking that pathogen for destruction by other WBC called macrophages.

Anatomy: Immune and Endocrine Systems Cell mediated – specialized WBC called T cells (because they mature in a gland in the chest called the thymus) activate other WBC called macrophages (that destroy antibody-flagged pathogens) and cytotoxic T cells (that destroy the body’s cells that have been infected) A movie of phagocytosis

Anatomy: Immune and Endocrine Systems Lymphatic system - A system of tubes (called lymph vessels) and nodes (called lymph nodes). Its job is to transport a clear fluid called lymph to carry WBCs and drain fluid from cells Swollen lymph glands are usually a sign of an infection in that area

Anatomy: Immune and Endocrine Systems After an immune response, some B and T cells familiar with that pathogen remain (called memory cells) If the pathogen attacks again, immune response happens much faster (because of the memory cells) so you don’t get sick when exposed to the same pathogen a second time Some pathogens (influenza, cold) mutate so rapidly that memory cells become useless and you can get sick a second time Vaccine - Solution with dead or weakened pathogens designed to trigger an immune response (but not symptoms) and thus create memory cells in case of a future infection

Check for Understanding What is the difference between B cells and T cells? Where are they made? What do they do? What do they react to? What happens after they do their job? You may make a flow chat to organize your writing if you’d like.

Anatomy: Immune and Endocrine Systems The endocrine system is a series of organs that release hormones A chemical message produced in one part of the body to regulate function in other parts Hormone - What are the organs of the endocrine system? Hypothalamus, pineal body, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, and the gonads (testis or ovaries)

Anatomy: Immune and Endocrine Systems Hypothalamus - Located in the brain, controls basic body functions such as temperature, blood pressure, and emotions Pineal - Located in the brain, it controls the cycle of sleep and waking

Anatomy: Immune and Endocrine Systems Located in the brain, it controls growth and serves as a master gland controlling other glands in the endocrine system Pituitary - Age Height/Weight Notes 0 8 lb 6 oz (3.8 kg) Normal height. 4 5 ft 4 in (1.63 m) Started rapid growth. 8 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 10 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 220 lb (100 kg) 13 7 ft 4 in (2.24 m) World's tallest Boy Scout, averaging a growth of 4 inches (100 mm) per year since birth, wearing size 25 (U.S.) shoes. 16 7 ft 10.5 in (2.40 m) 365 lb (166 kg) 18 8 ft 4 in (2.54 m) 390 lb (180 kg) Weight is approximate. His shoes measured about 18.5 inches (470 mm) long, which correlates to a size of 29 or 30 21 8 ft 9.5 in (2.68 m) 491 lb (223 kg) His hands measured 12.75 inches (324 mm) from the wrist to the tip of the middle finger 22 8 ft 11.1 in (2.72 m) 490 lb (220 kg) At death, he is the world's tallest man according to the Guinness World Records.

Anatomy: Immune and Endocrine Systems Thyroid - Located below larynx, controls metabolism with thyroxine (made with iodine) Thymus - Located in chest behind the sternum, controls production of T cells

Anatomy: Immune and Endocrine Systems Located on top of the kidneys, produces adrenaline and increases the sugar level in the blood Adrenal gland - Pancreas - Located in the abdomen next to the stomach, produces insulin (lowers glucose levels in the blood) and glucagon (raises glucose levels)

Anatomy: Immune and Endocrine Systems Gonads - Located in the scrotum of the male (testis) and in the lower abdomen of the female (ovaries), secrete testosterone in males, estrogen and progesterone in females Testosterone controls sperm production, growth of facial hair, muscle mass, increases aggression Estrogen and progesterone control egg production, menstruation, breast development