Aquatic Ecosystems

Ocean Covers 70% of the Earth’s surface ~ 2.3 miles deep 3% salt Mostly cold & dark Aphotic zone – sunlight cannot penetrate Photic zone – receives sunlight

Ocean Zones Intertidal zone Neritic zone Oceanic zone Covered twice daily (high tide) Exposed to air (low tide) Neritic zone Extends over the continental shelf (shallow water) Oceanic zone Deep water of the open sea Benthic zone Ocean bottom Pelagic zone Open ocean

Intertidal Neritic Oceanic

Ocean Zones Intertidal Zone Organisms are adapted to air during low tides Must be able to withstand crashing of waves Crabs burrow Clams, mussels, oysters hide in their shells Sea anemones cling to rocks Sea stars use tube feet to hold on

Ocean Zones Neritic Zone Most productive zone Shallow enough to allow photosynthesis Upwellings strong currents that carry nutrients from the bottom and mix with nutrients in runoffs from land Plankton –communities of small organisms Plants, animals, or bacteria

Upwelling

Ocean Zones Oceanic Zone Includes deepest part of the ocean Nutrient poor- does not support much life Producers are protists, bacteria, plants Animals include fishes, mammals, and large invertebrates

Estuaries Where freshwater meets the sea Bays mud flats mangrove swamp forests salt marshes

Freshwater zones Lakes & Ponds Rivers & Streams Freshwater Wetlands Marshes Contain non-woody plants Swamps Dominated by woody plants Bogs Dominated by sphagnum mosses

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