The Bugs Bunny Effect https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZlPzSeUDDw

Discuss research into how leading questions can influence the accuracy of EWT (10 Marks) AO1- Loftus and Palmer 1974 (Smash Study) Aim: Procedure Findings Conclusions AO3 P E L Strength- Supporting Evidence Loftus found that when college students were asked… This is a strength because… This study can be considered to be higher in realism as students has experienced Disneyland and therefore would have been less likely to lead to demand characteristics caused by an artificial situation. Weakness; Low External Validity This is an issue because… On the other hand it could be considered a strength tot use Lab studies because… Strength; Real-life application This has been useful in police interviewing techniques because… This has further positive implications for the economy because…

The Cognitive Interview L.O: To know the key of the features of the cognitive interview To understand how police use it

Fisher et al, 1987: The problem with police interviews (Florida, 4 months) Bombarded with brief q’s Close ended q’s Aimed to elicit facts Interrupted Couldn’t concentrate

The 4 techniques in the cognitive interview: (Geiselman et al ‘85) Context re-instatement Recall everything Reverse order Changed perspective

Colour elaboration Pages Pages on the C.I.

Strength- more accurate information than the standard interview One obvious way to assess the effectiveness of the cognitive interview (CI) is to compare it to the standard police interview. Kohnken and colleagues looked at the findings from 53 studies that did just this and found the CI to be more accurate. They found that there was a 34% increase in the amount of correct information recalled using cognitive interview techniques in comparison with the use of the standard interview.

Weakness- More inaccurate info than the standard interview However, the down side of using the cognitive interview was that they also found an increase in the amount of incorrect information recalled. If we take this inaccurate recall into account when calculating an overall figure then both kinds of interview produce similar accuracy rates of about 80%, which is disappointing.

Weakness- Kohnken et study all has low external validity One criticism of this meta-analysis is that most of the studies were lab-based and involved mainly college students, which challenges the validity of the conclusions. One field study in Brazil did give some support for the technique. Stein and Memon recruited female cleaning staff to watch a video of a crime. Afterwards some participants were interviewed. The CI produced better recall, especially for information that would be useful, such as a detailed description of a man holding a gun.

Weakness- expensive and time consuming A final evaluation issue is the question of why CI is not being used extensively in the UK if it can improve eyewitness recall. Clarke and Milne found that only 17% of interviews carried out by police forces in England and Wales were using CI. One problem is the CI is not seen as cost-effective, as officers feel they don’t have the necessary time to spend on an extended interview. A further issue is training, as detectives received only about four hours of training. This is not likely to be enough to lead to improved results and therefore police remain unconvinced about using the CI.