Ch. 16 – Wave interaction II. The Nature of Sound Speed of Sound

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Presentation transcript:

Ch. 16 – Wave interaction II. The Nature of Sound Speed of Sound Human hearing Doppler effect Seeing with sound

A. Speed of Sound 344 m/s in air at 20°C Depends on: Type of medium travels better through liquids and solids can’t travel through a vacuum Temperature of medium travels faster at higher temps

converted to nerve impulses in cochlea B. Human Hearing sound wave vibrates ear drum amplified by bones converted to nerve impulses in cochlea

B. Human Hearing Pitch highness or lowness of a sound depends on frequency of sound wave human range: 20 - 20,000 Hz ultrasonic waves subsonic waves

B. Human Hearing Intensity volume of sound depends on energy (amplitude) of sound wave measured in decibels (dB)

B. Human Hearing DECIBEL SCALE 120 110 100 80 70 40 18 10

Diffraction Diffraction: a change in the direction of a wave when the wave finds an obstacle or an edge, such as an opening Examples: Water waves diffract around a block in a tank of water. Sound waves passing through a door diffract.

Wave interactions reflection: the bouncing back of a ray of light, sound, or heat when the ray hits a surface that it does not go through refraction: the bending of a wavefront as the wavefront passes between two substances in which the speed of the wave differs

Constructive interference increases amplitude. constructive interference: a superposition of two or more waves that produces an intensity equal to the sum of the intensities of the individual waves Destructive interference decreases amplitude. destructive interference: a superposition of two or more waves that produce an intensity equal to the difference of the intensities of the individual waves

C. Wave Interactions

D. Doppler Effect Doppler Effect change in wave frequency caused by a moving wave source moving toward you - pitch sounds higher moving away from you - pitch sounds lower

D. Doppler Effect Stationary source Moving source Supersonic source waves combine to produce a shock wave called a sonic boom same frequency in all directions higher frequency lower frequency

“Sound Navigation Ranging” D. Seeing with Sound Ultrasonic waves - above 20,000 Hz Medical Imaging SONAR “Sound Navigation Ranging”