2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Essential questions What are the functions of the respiratory system? What are some disorders of the respiratory system? How are disorders of the respiratory system treated? What is the importance of the respiratory system as it relates to immunity? How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the respiratory system? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Functions of the Respiratory System Upper Respiratory System Nose Sinuses Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Lower Respiratory System Trachea Lungs 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Discuss the Functions of the Upper Respiratory System Structures Nose-nasal cavity Sinuses-lined w/mm, warms & moistens air Pharynx-”throat”, passageway for air & food. Epiglottis- D/swallowing, epiglottis closes over trachea to prevent food going into trachea Larynx-”voice box”, contains vocal cords “glottis”, responsible for vibrations to create sound. Just beneath is the Cricoid cartilage. (Pressure during intubation)

Discuss the Functions of the Lower Respiratory System Structures Trachea Bronchi Bronchial tubes Bronchioles Alveoli-surrounded by capillaries, O2 & CO2 exchange occurs b/t alveoli & caps Lungs Pleura-dbl wall sac, covers lungs. Filled w/fluid to prevent friction Mediastinum Diaphragm 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Functions of the Respiratory System External & Internal respiration Cellular respiration Production of sound (vibration of vocal cords) What is the relevance to your health?

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Breathing Discuss the process of breathing. External respiration- exchange of O2 & CO2 between the lungs, body & outside environment. Internal respiration- exchange of Co2 & O2 between the cells & the lymph surrounding them, plus the oxidative process of energy in the cells 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Breathing Calculate your respirations 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration How many times does a normal adult breath per minute? Calculate your respirations 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Control of breathing Neural Factors Explain the role of the Medulla Oblongata-”respiratory center”. When there is an increase in CO2 or decrease in O2 in the blood, it triggers respiratory center What does the Phrenic Nerve do? *** Stimulates the diaphragm 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Control of breathing Chemical Factors What are the chemical factors involved in breathing? Depends on levels of CO2 in the blood. Chemoreceptors in the Aorta and Carotid Arteries are sensitive to the amount of BLOOD O2 (oxygen). Sends message to the respiratory center to increase rate and depth of respirations. Compare to NEURAL FACTORS. Inc. in either CO2 or O2 will trigger “respiratory center” 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Neural factors: 2 centers located in the Medulla Oblongata to control breathing: One regulates Inspiration One regulates Expiration An increase in CO2, (or lack of O2) will trigger the respiratory centers Two Neuronal pathways involved in breathing Phrenic nerve-leads to diaphragm and inter costal muscles Vagus nerve-carries impulses from the nose, larynx, lungs, skin and abdominal organs to the Medulla

Chemical factors Chemical factors: Depends on level of CO2. As blood circulates thru the respiratory center, the respiratory center senses the increased CO2 levels and increases respiratory rate. [ie: exercise] Chemo receptors in the Aorta and Carotid arteries are very sensitive to blood O2 levels, impulse sent to resp. center in medulla and cx’s inc. in rate and depth of respiration. Can be affected by drugs such as depressants, barbituates and morphine (narcotic pain meds) Street drugs-ecstasy, heroin, cocaine

Breathing/Ventilation 1 Inspiration/1 Exspiration= 1 Respiration Normal adult-14-20/min Increases with exercise, body temp, certain diseases Decreases during sleep-10-14/min Newborn resp-40-60/min Cough-deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air, clears lower respiratory tract 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Respiratory Movements Compare respiratory movements. Coughing –deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air to clear lower resp. tract Hiccups-spasm of the diaphragm & spasmotic closure of the glottis, caused by irritation to the phrenic nerve Sneezing –air forced thru nose to clear the upper resp. tract Yawning-deep prolonged breathing that fills the lungs, increases oxygen in the blood. What do you think stimulates this? Neural or chemical??

Types of breathing Apnea-temporary stoppage of breathing Dyspnea-difficult, labored or painful Eupnea- normal breathing Hyperpnea-inccrease in depth & rate, w/abnormal exaggeration of respiratory movements Orthopnea- difficult or labored breathing when lying down Tachypnea- abnormally rapid & shallow rate of breathing Hyperventilation- rapid breathing that causes body to lose CO2 too rapidly. (anxiety attack, scared) What is a quick treatment??

Lung capacity and volume Spirometer- measures the volume and flow of air during inspiration & expiration. Tidal volume- amount of air that flows in/out of lungs w/each breath (500 ml) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)- the amtount of air you can force a person to take in over & beyond the tidal volume Expiratory reserve volume(ERV) amt. of air you can force a person to exhale over & beyond tidal volume

Lung capacity and volume Vital lung capacity- total amt of tidal volume, IRV and ERV Residual volume- amt of air that cannot be voluntarily expelled from the lungs Functional residual capacity- the sum of Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) and residual volume 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Lung capacity and volume Total lung capacity Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve Expiratory reserve Residual air Normal is about 6,000 ml Sample 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Respiratory disorders Asthma What is asthma? Inflammatory airway obstruction, caused by allergens or psychological stress, 5% of Americans have it Symptoms- difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing & tightness in chest Who most likely has it?

Respiratory disorders Bronchitis-inflammation of the Mucous Membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes which produces excessive mucous Pneumonia Acute-inflammation spread from nasopharynx or irritation of irritating vapors. Cough, fever, substernal pain and Rales (fluid raspy sound) Chronic- middle or old age, Cigarette smoking most common cause, chemical exposure, pollution, etc.

Respiratory disorders Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder What is COPD and what is the leading cause? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

COPD A term used to describe a group of diseases: Emphysema, Chronic Bronchiits, Asthmatic Bronchitis Obstructs patients airflow 4th leading cause of death in the US SMOKING IS THE PRIMARY RISK FACTOR!!! Pollution, dust or chemicals may cause or contribute to COPD People that worked in furniture plants (sanding, chemicals-stains) , paving jobs, etc.

Respiratory disorders COMMON COLD What is it? What causes it? Highly infectious virus Symptoms- fever, runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing, stuffy head, sore throat. Spreads quickly Treatment- rest, fluids, Usually runs its course in 7-10 days Hand-washing – best preventative measure How long should you wash your hands? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Respiratory disorders What is Emphysema? Overdilation and loss of elasticity in the alveoli. Air becomes trapped & is difficult to exhale air. Decreases exchange of O2 & CO2 Dyspnea increases as disease worsens

Respiratory disorders Influenza- Viral Infection Symptoms of influenza: ----- Treatment: rest, fluids, OTC pain relievers/fever “Tamiflu” (Amantidine)if caught early enough Is a flu shot beneficial? Why or why not?

Respiratory disorders Pneumonia 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Respiratory disorders Pneumothorax-build up of air w/in pleural cavity What can cause a pneumothorax?

Respiratory disorders Sinusitis What is it? Infection of the mm that lines the sinus cavities What are the treatments for it? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Respiratory disorders What type of standard precautions should be followed? Tuberculosis What is it? Inf & contagious How is it spread? Cough, fluids, virus can live on inanimate objects for a period of time.

Relevance of nutrients to the respiratory system Did you know??? The respiratory system plays a vital role in homeostasis Discuss the relevance to your health. What is the relevance to the body’s use of nutrients? Vitamin D- prevents respiratory disease in newborns Folate- prevents respiratory infections Vitamin E- prevents common colds 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Essential questions What are the functions of the respiratory system? What are some disorders of the respiratory system? How are disorders of the respiratory system treated? What is the importance of the respiratory system as it relates to immunity? How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the respiratory system? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system