Unit 10 Test Review (almost there )

1960s Presidents: Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Nixon

Domestic: “The New Frontier” Kennedy’s Presidency Foreign The Peace Corps (1961) Recruited American volunteers to give aid to developing countries Alliance for Progress (1961) land reform and economic development in Latin America Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) Berlin Wall Supported West Berlin Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962 Most dangerous challenge of the Soviets Trade Expansion Act (1962) Tariff Reductions with Europe Flexible Response Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963) The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. along with 100 other nations signed the Prohibited testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere Domestic: “The New Frontier” education Federal health care Urban renewal Civil rights *Most passed during the Johnson presidency*

Johnson Presidency After Kennedy was assassinated, Johnson took over. One of the first things he did was to expand Kennedy’s Civil Rights bill. Civil Rights Bill

Johnson Presidency Kennedy Tax Cut Bill Increase in jobs Increase in consumer spending Long period of economic expansion

Johnson’s Presidency: Domestic: “The Great Society” “War on Poverty” Office of Economic Opportunity Head Start, Job Corps, Community Action Program lowered the number of Americans living in poverty Health Medicare – Health insurance for 65+ Medicaid – Gov’t paid healthcare for poor and disabled Education/Arts Elementary and Secondary Education Act – provided aid to poor school districts Increased funding for higher education National Foundation for the Arts and Humanities – federal $ for arts 2 new cabinet departments Dep’t of Transportation and Dep’t of Housing and Urban Development Increased funding for public housing and crime prevention Regulation of Automobile Industry Environmental Clean Air and Water laws Beautify America Program

Civil Rights

Civil Rights Acts 1964 1965 Segregation illegal in all public facilities desegregation in schools Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 24th Amendment (NO poll taxes) Voting Rights Act Ended literacy tests Federal protection for blacks voting Most dramatic in the deep south

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Civil Rights Leaders Malcolm X Nation of Islam self-defense: Black violence to counter White violence Assassinated in 1965 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Stokely Carmichael Nonviolence “Black Power” Economic power Racial separatism Black Panthers Huey Newton, Bobby Seal Socialist Movement self-rule Black Muslims Elijah Muhammad “Black Nationalism” Separatism Self-Improvement MLK Jr. non-violence Jailed in Birmingham March on Washington "I Have A Dream" Nobel Prize (1964)

Watts Riots (1965) Kerner Commission conclusions (1968) Racism & Segregation chiefly responsible “2 societies, one black, one white – separate and unequal” The Watts Riots led to the Kerner Commission conclusions, which declared that two unequal societies (white and black) existed

The Warren Court Yates v. United States (1957): 1st Amendment protects radical speech, even by Communists, unless it presents a “clear and present danger” to safety Yates v. United States (1964): required police to inform arrested persons of right to remain silent Escobedo v. Illinois (1961): illegally seized evidence cannot be used in court against the accused Mapp v. Ohio (1963): required that state courts provide counsel for poor defendants (1966): right to a lawyer when being questioned by the police (1965): Right to privacy: state cannot prohibit the use of contraceptives (provided basis for later rulings on abortion) (1962): mandatory prayers in public schools violate the 1st Amendment Gideon v. Wrainwright Miranda v. Arizona Griswold v. Connecticut Engel v. Vitale

sexual themes in advertising, tv, movies The Sexual Revolution “Kinsey Report” (1950s) Premarital sex Marital infidelity Homo-sexuality sexual themes in advertising, tv, movies Birth Control Pill (1960)

Student Protests 1962 – Students for a Democratic Society Tom Hayden Port Huron Statement University Students should have a say in decisions that effect their lives “New Left” Student Protests Student Protests continued to grow Co-ed dorms Increased student participation in university decisions Alcohol policies Anti-War protests 1964- Student Protests at University of California at Berkeley “Free Speech Movement” Demanded an end to restrictions on student political activities

The Women’s Movement Influenced by Achievements Increased education and employment of women in the 50s The Civil Rights Movement The Sexual Revolution The Feminine Mystique Betty Friedan National Organization for Women (NOW) Women’s Liberation Movement Equal Rights Amendment Proposed in 1972 Still hasn’t passed Increased numbers of women in male dominated fields Business, Law, Medicine, Politics Gradual Improvements in salary “Glass Ceiling”

The Vietnam War Begins… Was a French colony until it was invaded and occupied by Japan in 1940 Goal: To keep South Vietnam from falling to Communism Started: During the Eisenhower Administration France pulled out in 1954, Vietnam divided at 17th Parallel (Communist North, Non-Communist South) Democratic Republic of Vietnam established in 1945 U.S. helped France regain control in 1950 – worried that Vietnam would become communist War broke out in 1959, U.S. sent advisors

An international peace conference held in Geneva, Switzerland in 1954 made the following decisions: Vietnam divided at 17th parallel North Vietnam ruled by Ho Chi Minh (led the fighting against the French) South Vietnam led by an anti-communist gov’t set up by the US and France under Ngo Dihn Diem --- ruled as a dictator Viet Cong (Communist, mostly South Vietnamese, Guerrillas) Diem was assassinated in 1963

Who Supported Who? Soviet Union and China supported North Vietnam United States supported South Vietnam

How did the US react to the division of Vietnam? Kennedy subscribed to the “Domino Theory” Continued military aid Increased military advisors By 1963, more than 16,000 US troops in Vietnam (support, not combat)

Johnson Becomes President: He gained control of the US involvement in 2 ways: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution “Blank Check” authorized the president to use “all reasonable measures” to protect U.S. interests in Vietnam Congress authorized President Lyndon Johnson to send troops to Vietnam April 1965: Johnson decided to use combat troops to fight the Viet Cong (Communist Guerillas) By 1968, ½ million U.S. troops in Vietnam

Tet Offensive Results: Who: When: Vietcong and US military Lunar New Year, January, 1968 Tet Offensive What: All–out attack by Viet Cong U.S. military counter-attacked and recovered lost territory Results: Vietcong US Political Victory for North Vietnam & Viet Cong Military victory of the United States Anti-War protests gained momentum Joint chiefs of staff request 200,000 more troops in order to win the war Johnson wanted to limit further bombing of North Vietnam and Negotiate peace