Biochemistry.

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Presentation transcript:

Biochemistry

Elements Common to Life All living things on Earth must have these 6 elements: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur Other important life elements: Calcium Magnesium Iron Sodium Potassium Chlorine Many other elements are found in very small amounts

Water Water is essential for all life as we know it. Water is the solvent which biomolecules are dissolved in within the cell. Water is necessary for many important biological chemical reactions.

Types of Biomolecules Monomer- Small molecules which build polymers Polymer- Very large molecules built with monomers In biology, polymers are also called macromolecules Gasses such as CO2 and O2 Other small molecules which are not polymers such as hemoglobin

The 4 Types of Biological Macromolecules Nucleic Acids Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates

Nucleic Acids Polymers: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) Monomers: Nucleotides – made up of 3 parts: Sugar, Nitrogen Rings, and a Phosphorus Group Functions: Making proteins, storing genetic information, reproduction. In most cases DNA is the largest molecule in an organism

Proteins Polymers: Proteins/Polypeptides Monomers: Amino Acids Functions: Structure, Communication, Transport, Catalyst (Enzymes), Muscle funtion There are 20 different amino acids which humans need Proteins are made by ribosomes using the code transferred from DNA to RNA

Lipids Polymers: Monomers: Fatty Acids, Glycerol Fats (triglycerides) Oils Wax Steroids/Cholesterol Phospholipids (cell membrane) Monomers: Fatty Acids, Glycerol Functions: Cell Membrane, Energy Storage, Communication with Hormones

Carbohydrates Polymers: Polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose, etc.) Monomers: Monosaccharides (sugar) Functions: Energy for Cellular Respiration, Cell Wall Material, Energy Storage, Cell to Cell communication

Metabolism Metabolism is the sum total of all chemical reactions in a chemical reaction Catabolism breaks down large molecules in to smaller ones; commonly associated with digestion but does serve other functions Anabolism builds larger molecules from smaller; also called biosynthesis.