AP Chemistry Zumdahl Notes, 9th ed. A Brief Collection of notes, Chapter 1 Feel free to open these files and annotate as you feel the need…this is for your success.

Chapter 1: chemistry overview Scientific Method: realize need to modify as needed Units of Measurement SI: kg, m, s, K, amperes, mole, candela Prefixes: see page 10: exponents from 18 to -18 Uncertainty: last number is estimated, such as amount between two lines of a buret; if 20.15 mL, then the 20.1 are certain, and the 5 is uncertain; all four are significant figures Precision/accuracy Errors: two types Random error (indeterminate): such as bad estimation or poor technique Systematic error (determinate): all readings high or low, such as something improperly tared for weighing

Chapter 1: chemistry overview Significant figures and calculations Nonzero integers are always significant Zeroes: three types Leading: preceding: not significant, denote start of number/location of decimal point Captive: in between, always significant Trailing: at right end of number, always significant if there is a decimal point, as define precision of measurement Exact numbers: if a whole number of something, such as 14 eggs, considered exact number, with an infinite number of significant figures Be thoughtful…think scientific notation where possible and reasonable…may make it easier to think in terms of sig figs! In calculations, perform operations, then round to correct number

Chapter 1: chemistry overview Dimensional analysis: aka factor label method…allows one to set up string of multiplication and have units “make sense” at the end! Temperature: think either Kelvins (K) or Celsius (°C) as appropriate K= °C + 273.15 If you need to convert Fahrenheit into Celsius, google or derive it, as needed Density: watch units Classification of matter Solids, liquids, gases Mixtures: homogeneous, heterogeneous, solutions, pure substances Physical and chemical changes Separation: distillation, filtration, chromatography,