Organic Molecules Chapter 6, section 4

Carbon Body is mostly made up of water and organic compounds Anything made up of carbon is called ORGANIC Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds (form different arrangements of atoms: straight, branched, rings)

4 types of organic compounds in ALL living things A) Carbohydrates B) Lipids C) Proteins D) Nucleic Acids

Isomer- compound that have the same chemical formula but different structures (different structures mean different chemical and physical properties)

Cells make macromolecules (small compounds + small compounds) 1) polymer= large macromolecule consisting of repeated linked units 2) monomer= each subunit, building block of polymers

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates- organic molecule made of C, H, and O 2 Hydrogen for each Oxygen Ex. Starches, sugars, cellulose Key function to store and provide energy

Exist as Mono, Di, or Polysaccharide A) Monosaccharide- simple sugar ex. Glucose (major source of energy in cells) and fructose C) Polysaccharide-complex sugars made of 3 or more sugars ex. Starch (plants store food as starch) Glycogen (stored in liver and muscles for quick energy) Cellulose (structural support for plants) B) Disaccharide- double sugar, two monosaccharides Ex. ex. Sucrose (table sugar)= Glucose + Fructose

Lipids Lipids- nonpolar molecules that CAN NOT dissolved in water Contains C, H, and O More Hydrogen than Carbohydrates Key function to store energy, make up cell membranes, insulate/protect/ and make hormones Lipid= 3 fatty acids (long chain of carbons with hydrogen atoms attached) AND glycerol (alcohol with 3 carbon atoms) Commonly called fats and oils

Two kinds of Lipids 1) Saturated- lipids with single bonds Solid at room temperature Come from animal products Known as fats 2) Unsaturated- lipids with double bonds Liquid at room temperature Come from plant products Called oils **Some lipids are used as a protective coating (sea birds/ ducks/plants)**

Protein Proteins- large polymer of C, H, O, N and S Amino acids- building blocks of proteins - 20 amino acids - peptide bonds= bonds that form between amino acids - polypeptide= amino acids bond together to form long chains

Key function to build structure and carry out all metabolism Different sequencing of amino acids result in different proteins being made Key function to build structure and carry out all metabolism Some proteins are: 1) Structural (hair and nails) 2) function in transport (hemoglobin) 3) function in movement (muscle fibers and cytoskeletal elements) 4) defense (antibodies) 5) regulation of cell functions (hormones and enzymes)

Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids- large, complex macromolecule that stores information in the form of a code Made up of C, H, O, N, P Nucleic acids made up of nucleotides (sugar, base, phosphate group)

Examples: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)- genetic code (passes instructions from parents to offspring) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)- copy and transfer genetic information in a cell