“Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism] Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Temperance Education Abolitionism Asylum & Penal Reform Women’s Rights

“The Benevolent Empire”: 1825 - 1846

Education William H. McGuffey Noah Webster Emma Willard Horace Mann A series of books designed to teach reading to schoolchildren. Noah Webster An educator and author of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, best known for his American Dictionary of the English Language Emma Willard the first American woman publicly to support higher education for women Horace Mann considered father of American public school education fought to increase the availability and quality of free, nondenominational public schools Schools should be places of morality and discipline

Immigration Ireland Northern Europe … mostly from Germany Famine resulting from the failure of the potato crop Northern Europe … mostly from Germany Improvements in ship technology made the ocean voyage relatively cheap and fast The South attracted the least number of immigrants Nativism (Anti Immigration) The formation of the Know Nothing party Anti-Catholicism

Women Still a man's world but women fared better in U.S. than in Europe esp. on the frontier where women were more scarce. Seneca Falls Convention Issued a historic declaration of women’s rights Declaration of Sentiments Susan B. Anthony Lucretia Mott

Utopian Societies Wanted to perfect society New Harmony Communitarian society founded the first American kindergarten, first free public school and the first free public library. Brook Farm - "plain living and high thinking" Prospered until 1846 when new communal building burned down. Nathaniel Hawthorne a resident (author of A Scarlet Letter)

Utopian Societies Fourier Phalanxes - Charles Fourier ideal community where each phalanx is to include a balanced mix of workers, combining all the necessary skills. A community of 1620 people is suggested as the ideal size The Oneida Community believed it liberated women from the demands of male "lust" traditional bonds of family eventually became a dominant manufacturer of silver

Utopian Societies Shakers -- Opposition to both marriage and free love led to their extinction. Believed in celibacy, equal spiritual value of men and women, and simplicity of architecture and furnishings. New members were adopted as orphans or recruited through conversion.

Abolitionist Movement Bringing the issue of slavery to the forefront of the reform movement overshadow the others after 1830 William Lloyd Garrison and the American Antislavery Society Immediate emancipation of slaves with compensation to owners The Liberator Harriet Beecher Stowe –Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Prisons Dorthea Dix Discovery of the confinement of the mentally ill in local jails Prisons and asylums Traveled some 60,000 miles in 8 years compiling reports of squalid conditions from first hand experiences in poorhouses and basements where the insane were often kept in chains. Her efforts resulted in improved conditions and in a gain for the concept that the demented were not willfully perverse but mentally ill. -- 15 states created new hospitals and asylums as a result.

Temperance German and Irish immigrants often opposed the movement By the 1850’s, the movement advocated the legal prohibition of alcohol The early leaders of the movement were Protestant clergymen It was the most popular of the Jacksonian era reform movements

Temperance Neal Dow - Father of Prohibition" T.S. Arthur Maine Law 1851 completely prohibiting the sale of alcohol Illinois Quart Law 1851 banned the sale of alcohol in quantities less than a quart. T.S. Arthur Ten Nights In A Bar Room And What I Saw There Literature supporting temperance