Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Chapter 2

Atomic Theory Dalton’s Theory Elements vs. Compounds Law of Definite Proportions Law of Constant Composition Law of Conservation of Mass Law of Multiple Proportions

Atomic Structure Protons, Neutrons, Electrons Cathode Ray Tube Radioactivity Nuclear Atom

Atomic Mass Isotopes Atomic Number, Mass Number Atomic Mass Scale Average Atomic Mass

Periodic Table

Compounds Molecules – Chemical Formulas Molecular and Empirical Formulas Molecular Representations Ionic Compounds – Formula Units

Nomenclature Ionic Charge Names and Formulas Ionic Acid Molecular Organic

Some Simple Organic Compounds Alkanes Organic chemistry: the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds. Alkanes contain only C and H and are called hydrocarbons. The names of alkanes all end in the suffix –ane. Alkanes are named according to the number of C atoms in their backbone chain: Methane has one C atom (CH4) Ethane has two C atoms (CH3CH3) Propane has three C atoms (CH3CH2CH3), etc. Prentice Hall © 2003 Chapter 2

Some Simple Organic Compounds Some Derivatives of Alkanes When H atoms in alkanes are replaced by heteroatoms (atoms other than C or H), then we have introduced a functional group into the alkane. When an H is replaced by –OH, then we form an alcohol. Alcohols are also named by the number of C atoms. Consider propanol: there are two places for the OH: on an end C or the middle C. When the OH is located on the end C, we call the substance 1-propanol. When the OH is on the middle C, we have 2-propanol. Prentice Hall © 2003 Chapter 2

Some Simple Organic Compounds Some Derivatives of Alkanes When the single bonds in an alkane are replaced by one or more double bonds, then we form alkenes. When a double bond is formed between C and O, we form carboxylic acids, ketones, aldehydes, and esters. Any organic molecule with double or triple bonds is called unsaturated. Prentice Hall © 2003 Chapter 2