Measuring change over time

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Presentation transcript:

Measuring change over time Developmentalists are very interested in seeing how people change over time. Three types of studies that are commonly used to assess developmental trends: Cross-sectional studies Longitudinal studies Sequential designs

Cross-sectional designs People of different ages are studied at the same point in time Advantages: cheap and easy way to collect data Disadvantages: Cohort effect is a confound These studies tell us nothing about the development of individuals because each person is observed at only one point in time.

Longitudinal designs People of one age group are studied repeatedly over time Advantages: provide data on development of individuals, stability of behavior, sleeper effects Disadvantages: Expensive, time-consuming Subject loss limits representativeness Can’t eliminate the possibility that your results are specific to the cohort you tested.

Sequential designs Combines the longitudinal and cross-sectional designs Test different age groups repeatedly over time. Superior design because it helps you tease apart cohort effects Also help you examine both change over time and differences as a function of age group

Twin studies Correlations determine the degree of similarity between twins and other siblings on different variables. If twins reared apart share more similarities than fraternal twins or other siblings reared together, it’s evidence for the importance of heredity over environment.

Correlations regarding intelligence Identical twins reared together .85 Identical twins reared apart .67 Fraternal twins reared together .58 Non-twin siblings reared apart .24 Shows evidence that genetics play an important role in a person’s intelligence.

Heritability A term meaning the degree to which genetics influences behavior Twin studies have found evidence for the heritability of emotional, sociability, and activity level, in addition to intelligence.