Terms for matter map Mixture C Atoms Chemical change Can be separated Heterogeneous O Chemical Formula Pure substance x2 Element 2 or more phases O2 Chemical Symbol Solution Compound Homogeneous H2O One phase Can not be broken down NaCl Physical change Molecule atoms

Matter Map 2 1 11 3 4 12 13 8 6 14 18 20 23 5 9 15 16 19 21 22 24 7 25 10 17 except 26

The Periodic Table General Trends • Atomic Number • Mass Number Protons Protons + Neutrons

Chem 20:Periodic table of elements

Metals Luster – shiny. Ductile – drawn into wires. Malleable – hammered into sheets. Conductors of heat and electricity

Transition metals The Group B elements

Non-metals Dull Brittle Nonconductors- insulators

Metalloids or Semimetals Properties of both Semiconductors

These are called the inner transition elements and they belong here

Subatomic particles and periodic table Mass Charge Proton 1 +ve Electron -ve Neutron neutral Atomic number = # protons mass number = # protons + neutrons # electrons = # protons…..in an neutral atom Why? – because it is an uncharged particle # neutrons= atomic mass – atomic number

Dalton Model: solid sphere Analogy: billiard ball

Thomson Model: positive sphere with embedded electrons Analogy: raisin bun

Rutherford’s gold foil experiment  particles Rutherford Simulation

Rutherford Model: nuclear

Summary: Neils Bohr Energy Levels of Electrons -electrons exist in distinct energy levels surrounding the nucleus -electrons can “jump” from energy level to energy level but cannot exist between energy levels.

Arrangement of Electrons in Shells Bohr theorized that the negative electrons were arranged around the positive nucleus in shells or levels Electrons always occupy the lowest levels first. Outer group electrons are called the Valence Electrons and are most important in determining an element’s reactions Valence Electrons level 1 2 max level 2 8 max level 3 level 4 level 5 8max 20

Observations and Interpretations An observation is a direct form of knowledge obtained by one of your 5 senses. Can be qualitative or quantitative. Can be called Empirical Knowledge An interpretation or inference is an indirect form of knowledge that builds on experience. Can be called Theoretical Knowledge

Types of Knowledge Classify the following statements as empirical (observation) or theoretical and as qualitative or quantitative 1.There are 3.0 g of NaCl in the solution. 2. The ions in solution are Na+ and Cl- because salt dissociates. 3. For each Ca2+ ion there are 2Cl- ions in a CaCl2 solution. 4. A sodium chloride solution conducts electricity as shown by the conductivity apparatus.

Classifying compounds Type Theoretical Defn Empirical Defn State (SATP) Conductivity of aqueous solution Litmus Ionic metal and nonmetal solid high to low No change Molecular nonmetal and nonmetal s,l,g none Acid aqueous molecular compounds of hydrogen s,l,g before dissolving BRA Base ionic hydroxides RBB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16