Rise of Modern European Monarchies

Unit Objectives To learn how civilization was re-established after the fall of Rome and the challenges people faced during the Middle Ages To learn how modern monarchies rose in Rome’s place To identify key figures and leaders of the Middle Ages and know their impacts

The Rise of Monarchies The decline of Rome had led to chaos because there was no central authority to set all the rules and enforce them—there was no order Kingdoms were small and kings ruled in name only The real power lay with who?

LAND-OWNING NOBLES By the late 1100s A.D. three large kingdoms began to form as the basis for three modern nations

England Alfred the Great united the native Celts, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Vikings and promoted a revival of learning

William the Conqueror was the Duke of Normandy (a region in France) and a vassal to the King of France He also happened to be a cousin of the English king Why and how William conquered England: ENGLISH KING DIED WITH NO ELDEST SON WILLIAM RAISED AN ARMY AND PAID OFF THE ENGLISH NOBLES TO ACCEPT HIM AS THEIR KING

William the Conqueror Invades England

Henry II Impact of his rule: ESTABLISHED COMMON LAW AND TRIAL BY JURY

Thomas Beckett was a close friend and advisor who surprised Henry by The martyrdom of St Thomas from the St Thomas Altarpiece commissioned in 1424, from Meister Francke by the Guild of English Merchants in Hamburg Thomas Beckett was a close friend and advisor who surprised Henry by disagreeing with him; He was killed by the king’s knights because he was seen as a threat

Magna Carta DOCUMENT RESTRICTING THE POWER OF THE KING AND GIVING MORE TO PARLIAMENT Henry’s son was a weak ruler and was forced to sign the Magna Carta by Parliament (England’s law-making body)

France Hugh Capet took power from a weak king and established the Capetian Dynasty that lasted over 300 years Impact of his rule: STRENGTHENED THE TRADITION OF THE ELDEST SON INHERITING THE THRONE (LED TO STABILITY) AND BROUGHT THE NOBLES UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE KING

Hugh Capet

Philip Augustus strengthened the monarchy even more Acquired land by marriage or conquest and doubled the size of his empire Appointed local officials and army leaders who were loyal to him, not the nobles

Louis IX made royal courts more powerful than feudal courts, decreed only the king could coin money, and banned private warfare

Holy Roman Empire (Germany) Disputes with the Pope and various nobles kept the German kings weak longer than in England or France Otto the Great tried to restore the empire of Charlemagne by conquering other Germanic kingdoms and helping the Pope retain his power (he was named Holy Roman Emperor), but more disputes with the Pope and nobles weakened the empire leading to civil war

Otto the Great

The Hundred Years War England vs France (1337-1453) Causes: LAND DISPUTES IN FRANCE (SOME LAND OWNED BY BRITISH) FRENCH THRONE IN DISPUTE (KING DIED WITH NO ELDEST SON, ENGLISH KING WAS GRANDSON AND FOUGHT KING’S NEPHEW FOR THE FRENCH THRONE) English won the early battles despite having less money and people because they were more unified and had better military tactics and weapons

Joan of Arc: Claimed she had visions from God and convinced the French king to allow her to lead his troops into battle She led the French to several key victories that helped turn the tide of the war in favor of the French What eventually happened to Joan of Arc?

SHE WAS BETRAYED BY THE FRENCH, TURNED OVER TO THE BRITISH, AND BURNED AT THE STAKE FOR HERESY

What is “heresy”?

DOING OR SAYING ANYTHING AGAINST THE CHURCH—PUNISHABLE BY PRISON OR DEATH

Joan of Arc

Impact of the war France suffered more because most of the fighting was in France France gained a sense of unity It led to civil war in England because the nobles there were unhappy they had lost all their land in France

It led to the decline of feudalism It led to older fighting techniques like the knights being made obsolete by new weapons like the longbow and canon Spain emerged as a world power

Who had the real power during the years following the fall of Rome? Religious leaders Land-owning nobles Merchants Knights Kings

What did the Magna Carta do? It ended the monarchy in England It restricted the power of the monarch in England It gave more power to Parliament in England It made England an absolute monarchy

Kings had the most power in: England France Holy Roman Empire (Germany) The had equal power everywhere

What seemed to cause the most instability? Religious differences Land disputes Kings dying without leaving a male heir

What caused the Hundred Years’ War? Religious differences Boundary disputes between England and France Disputes about who owned land in France A dispute over who the next king of France was going to be

Which of the following was true about Joan of Arc? She claimed she had vision from God She led the British Army to several important victories She was betrayed by the British and burned at the stake by the French She was betrayed by the French and burned at the stake by the British

What impact did the Hundred Years’ War have? It helped end feudalism There were several civil wars in France England gained a new sense of unity Several older fighting techniques became obsolete (no longer used) Spain became a world power