Not quite an animal but close enough Protozoan Groups Not quite an animal but close enough

Phyla Sarcomastigophora Ciliophora Apicomplexa Flagellate Ameboid ciliates Apicomplexa sporozoans

General Characteristics Unicellular Mainly microscopic No organs but have specialized organelles

Habitat Found wherever life exists Highly adaptable

Symbiotic Relationships Mutualistic ++ Both partners benefit Commensalistic +0 One partner benefits, no effect on the other Parasitic +- One partner benefits at the expense of the other

Nucleus Control center of the cell Houses and protects DNA Contains nucleolus Surrounded by a nuclear envelope Protozoans often contain more than one nucleus Macronucleus Micronucleus

Cell Membrane Cell Membrane (plasma membrane) Thin and flexible Protects/ supports Phospholipid bilayer Transport proteins Regulates flow (food, water, and waste)

Cytoplasm Extends from nucleus to cell membrane Jelly like Helps support the organelles Cytoskeleton Microtubules Micro fibers

Cytoskeleton Microtubules and microfilaments Provide structure Important for mitosis and organelle movement Train tracks

Cytoplasm Ectoplasm Endoplasm Cytoplasm which appears granular and contains the nucleus and organelles Gel state Endoplasm Cytoplasm which appears transparent and bears the base of cilia or flagella Sol state

Locomotion Cilia and flagella Pseudopodia Sliding microtubule hypothesis

Cillia and Flagella Interchangeable terms 9+2 structure Axoneme Kinetosome

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fh_yjLppNAg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Md0PtdRxXvw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5QwXiYOBhZU

Pseudopodia Chief means of locomotion for amebas Lobopodia Filopodia Large blunt extensions of the cell body containing both endo and ectoplasm Filopodia Thin extensions, usually branching and contain only ectoplasm Recticulopodia Repeatedly rejoin to form a netlike mesh Axopodia Thin and supported by axial rods of microtubules

Psuedopodia cont… Hyaline cap Extension of the ectoplasm which starts the psuedopodia

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk

Excretion and Osmoregulation Contractile vacuole osmoregulation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pahUt0RCKYc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPnXIvprb_w

Nutrition Autotrophs Heterotrophs Phagotrophs or Holozoic Ingests visible food particles Osmotrophs or Saprozoic Ingests food in a soluble form http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fh_yjLppNAg

Asexual Reproduction Fission Binary Two identical individuals form Budding Progeny is smaller than parent but grows to adult size Multiple fission A number of individuals are produced Schizogony http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZ_4PIKsL6c

Sexual reproduction Conjugation Gametes Fertilization Exchange of gametic nuclei between paired organisms Gametes Isogametes Ansiogametes Fertilization Syngamy Autogamy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TwqBsRtciX8

Survival Cysts Tough dormant forms

Protozoan Phyla

Phyla Retortamonada Phyla Axostylata Largely parasites Lack both mitochondria and golgi bodies

Giardia lamblia Giardiasis (giardia) Soil, food or water contaminated with feces from infected humans or animals.

Phylum Chlorophyta Plant-like Colonial forms Autotrophic Contain chloroplasts Colonial forms Sexual and a sexual reproduction

Phylum Euglenozoa Stigma- eyespot Photosynthetic

Phyla Apicomplexa Endoparasites No special means of locomotion Toxoplasma gondii

Plasmodium Malaria Carried by Anopholese mosquito Symptoms 2010 Fever Chills Flu-like symptoms 2010 219 cases 660,000 deaths

Phylum Ciliophora Most structurally diverse group Have cillia Macronucleus Day to day activities Metabolic and developmental functions Micronucleus participate in sexual reproduction

Phylum Dinoflagellata Dinoflagellates Feeding Photoautotrophic-green Heterotrophic- clear “Red tide”

Amebas No classification 3 types Rhizopodan Foraminiferans Actinopodans

Rhizopodan amoebas Slow streams and ponds Feeding Reproduction Require Substratum Feeding Phagocytosis Reproduction Binary fission

Entamoeba histolytica Parasite in humans Lives in the large intestine Amebic dysentery Spread by contaminated food or water

Foraminiferan Amoebas Ancient group Shelled amoebas Calcium carbonate Found in all oceans Mostly the Atlantic Ocean Sand and ocean floor

Actinopodans Move by axopodia Shell Silica (glass)