Organic Chemistry Introduction
1) is the chemistry of carbon, the compounds it makes and the reactions it undergoes.
2) based on the way carbon bonds – carbon has a tetrahedral electron arrangement It wants four pairs of electrons around it and can achieve this through
2) based on the way carbon bonds – carbon has a tetrahedral electron arrangement It wants four pairs of electrons around it and can achieve this through 4 single bonds, sp3 hybridization, giving a tetrahedral shape
2) based on the way carbon bonds – carbon has a tetrahedral electron arrangement It wants four pairs of electrons around it and can achieve this through 4 single bonds, sp3 hybridization, giving a tetrahedral shape 1 double bond and 2 single bonds, sp2 hybridization giving it a trigonal planar shape
2) based on the way carbon bonds – carbon has a tetrahedral electron arrangement It wants four pairs of electrons around it and can achieve this through 4 single bonds, sp3 hybridization, giving a tetrahedral shape 1 double bond and 2 single bonds, sp2 hybridization giving it a trigonal planar shape 2 double bonds, sp hybridization, giving it a linear shape
2) based on the way carbon bonds – carbon has a tetrahedral electron arrangement It wants four pairs of electrons around it and can achieve this through 4 single bonds, sp3 hybridization, giving a tetrahedral shape 1 double bond and 2 single bonds, sp2 hybridization giving it a trigonal planar shape 2 double bonds, sp hybridization, giving it a linear shape 1 triple bond and 1 single, sp hybridization, giving it a linear shape
3) carbon most often bonds to the following Hydrogen – makes 1 bond Oxygen – makes 2 bonds Nitrogen – makes 3 bonds Sulfur – makes 2 bonds
4) When determining organic formulas – follow the rules above so that you don’t have to worry about counting electrons to determine the Lewis structure
Homologous Series Families of compounds into which organic compounds are organized Successive members differ by a –CH2 group Example: Alkanes below
Homologous Series of Alcohols
How to read organic formulas-p 369 1) C2H5 – empirical formula, gives only the ratio of elements
How to read organic formulas- p 369 C2H5 – empirical formula, gives only the ratio of elements C4H10 – molecular formula, gives only the number of atoms in the molecule
How to read organic formulas- p 369 C2H5 – empirical formula, gives only the ratio of elements C4H10 – molecular formula, gives only the number of atoms in the molecule CH3CH2CH2CH3 – condensed structural formula
How to read organic formulas- p 369 C2H5 – empirical formula, gives only the ratio of elements C4H10 – molecular formula, gives only the number of atoms in the molecule CH3CH2CH2CH3 – condensed structural formula -full structural formula
Bond-Line Formula
Stereochemical Formula also known as the “Dash- Wedge-Line” Dashed line-Sticking behind slide Solid Line in plane with the slide Wedge Line-Coming out of slide
NAMING HYDROCARBONS
Naming Hydrocarbons Organic structures are named through a system of prefixes and suffixes. Prefix = number of carbon atoms Suffix = functional group. – ane = saturated carbon chain made only of C and H -ol=saturated carbon chain with an -OH functional group
# C Prefix Alkanes -ane Alkenes - ene Alcohols - anol 1 Meth- Methane Methene Methanol 2 Eth- Ethane Ethene Ethanol 3 Prop- Propane Propene Propanol 4 But- Butane Butene Butanol 5 Pent- Pentane Pentene Pentanol 6 Hex- Hexane Hexene Hexanol 7 Hept- Heptane Heptene Heptanol 8 Oct- Octane Octene Octanol 9 Non- Nonane Nonene Nonanol 10 Dec- Decane Decene Decanol
Naming Isomers An isomer is given molecular formula which can have many possible structures Two isomers for C4H10 are: butane 2-methyl propane
Branched Alkane Naming branched alkanes Name the longest carbon chain Name the substituent find number of carbons and add –yl ending Number the carbons so that substituent is lowest number possible Name: #-(substituent)(carbon chain) Note the following is not 4-methylpentane
What if there is more than one substituent? Same kind on same carbon Follow the steps as above but name (#,#)-(di)(substituent name)(carbon chain)
Different kind on same carbon Follow steps above but name substituents in alphabetical order and separate numbers (#)-(substituent)-(#)-(substituent)(carbon chain)
Different kind on different carbon Follow the steps above so that numbers of carbons are lowest number possible. The highest priority substituent should get the lowest number but with substituent groups that are the same functional group (alkanes, alcohols, etc) make numbers as low as possible. Put name of substituents in alphabetical order and separate numbers (#-substituent)- (#-substituent)(carbon chain)