Characteristics of Chemical Substances WATER Polar – has a positive and a negative end.

Water Universal solvent Expands upon freezing – is less dense as a solid (that is why ice floats) Capillary action – able to move up a narrow tube because of the attraction of the water to the walls of the tube. Freezes at 0 degrees Celsius and Boils at 100 degrees Celsius

Minerals Inorganic compound, one not made from living things. Essential for cellular processes – enzymatic reactions, body structure.

Minerals Calcium : Building bones and teeth, nerve and muscle function. Iodine: Needed for production of thyroid Iron: Found in hemoglobin, needed for enzymes. Potassium: metabolism, nerve and muscle function Sodium: Water balance and bio-electrical conduction.

Vitamins Organic Substances needed by the body in a very small amounts. Activate enzymes and regulate the release of energy in the body.

Vitamins Vitamin A – Eyesight, skin, bones, digestion Vitamin C- Wound healing Vitamin K – Blood clotting Vitamin D – Growth of bones and teeth.

Organic Compounds CARBOHYDRATES Building Blocks: Monosaccharides (sugar) Glucose, sucrose, cellulose, chitin, starch.

Carbohydrates FUCTIONS Energy supply Fiber - cellulose

Lipids Building Block: Fatty acids / glycerol Examples: Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids

Lipids Component of cell membrane Energy storage Functions Component of cell membrane Energy storage Saturated fat = heart problems

Proteins Building Blocks: Amino Acids Examples: Enzymes, hemoglobin, hormones

Proteins * Structure of organisms * Metabolic Functions * Only source of nitrogen for the body to make amino acids.

Regulation of Chemical Activity For Homeostasis pH – Acids and Bases Effects cells and organisms

Enzymes Affected by temperature – denature Affected by pH – denature if to acidic or to basic Lock and Key model of enzymes Proteins

Nucleic Acids Building Blocks: Nucleotides Examples: DNA and RNA

Transfer and Use of Matter and Energy Photosynthesis EQUATION REACTANTS

What happens to the products?

Where does photosynthesis occur? Chloroplasts

What types of organisms use photosynthesis? Autotrophs

Chemosynthesis Production of food from inorganic substances rather than from sunlight. Occurs at hydrothermal vents.

Cellular Respiration Happens in the mighty mitochondria!

Aerobic Respiration C6H12O6  +  6O2    6CO2  +  6 H2O  +  36 or 38 ATP

ATP Energy Carrier Molecule Produced during respiration ATP ADP + P + energy

Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic respiration refers to the oxidation of molecules in the absence of oxygen to produce energy