Unit 3 Cells (Part 2)

Genes (3.03) Genes Made of DNA They are “instructions” They tell your body how to make proteins Gene regulation - process of turning genes on and off Ensures that appropriate gene is being expressed at the right time Uses proteins to turn genes on and off

Photosynthesis (3.04) Occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells INPUT – carbon dioxide, water, and light energy OUTPUT – food (glucose) and oxygen Photosynthesis chemical equation:

Leaf Anatomy (3.05) Pass out leaf anatomy worksheet. Students are to read and answer questions.

Leaf Anatomy

Photosynthesis Rap Video

Respiration (3.04 cont.) The process of chemical energy (glucose) converting into ATP. Occurs in the mitochondria. INPUT – Glucose and Oxygen OUTPUT – Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (energy!!) Respiration Chemical Equation:

Photosynthesis and Respiration Cycle

Photosynthesis Rap

Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs

Respiration - (3.07) Aerobic Respiration Uses Oxygen to break down glucose Makes usable energy (ATP!!!) Energy is created in the mitochondria Yields 36 or 38 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration WITHOUT Oxygen AKA fermentation Occurs in the cytoplasm Provides a quick burst of energy Only produces 2 ATPs

Fermentation In animals, lactic acid builds up. Lactic acid is toxic to cells Causes muscle fatigue and cramps

Fermentation In plants, fermentation occurs in yeast cells. Fermentation produces carbon dioxide or alcohol. Dough rises as CO2 is given off Ethyl alcohol is produced when grains ferment Clothes pin lab to model fermentation

C E C E N Y L E C L R L G E Y

Cell Cycle – Asexual Cell Division

Cell Cycle – facts to know Cells divide in order to create two identical daughter cells. Cells will only divide if the cell is large enough and the DNA is not damaged. The rate of cell division differs for each type of cell.

Vocabulary to know Chromatin – DNA and proteins (Histones) Chromatid – Half of the chromosome. Chromatids are held together at the centromere, the center of the chromosome Chromosome – coiled sister chromatids

Cell Cycle Interphase a) Gap1 (G1) cells grow b) Synthesis (S) DNA replicates – double helix separates, base pairs match up. 2 strands of DNA are now in the cell c) Gap2 (G2) Cells grow, organelles replicate

Cell Cycle Mitosis a) Prophase (P) Chromatin condense and coil up into chromosomes Spindle fibers form

Cell Cycle Mitosis (cont.) b) Metaphase (M) Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Cell Cycle Mitosis (cont.) c) Anaphase Sister chromatids separate on opposite sides of the cell

Cell Cycle Mitosis (cont.) d) Telophase (T) New nuclei form. Chromosomes uncoil.

Cell Cycle Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm Animal cells: the membranes pinch close to form two complete cells Plant cells: a cell plate forms between the two cells

Mitosis: The Amoeba Sisters

Website to try activity of onion cell: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activities/cell_cycle/cell_cycle.html