Formation and Comparison of Adverbs Latin III: Dec. 8-15, 2014

What are adverbs? Adverbs are words that modify verbs. Sometimes adverbs modify other adverbs, or adjectives. He runs swiftly. He is too serious. Now also the gods are praised.

How To Make Adverbs For 1st/2nd declension adjectives (the –us/-er, -a, -um types), just add –e to the stem. clarus, clara, clarum: clear CLARE clearly miser, misera, miserum: unhappy MISERE unhappily

How To Make Adverbs For 3rd declension adjectives (the –is, -e type), add –iter to the stem. (Just add –er if the stem ends in –nt.) fortis, forte: strong FORTITER: strongly diligens, diligentis: attentive DILIGENTER: attentively (not diligentiter)

Page 1-7 handout Dictionary Forms fortis, forte gravis, grave liber, libera, liberum latus, lata, latum acer, acris, acre durus, dura, durum levis, leve diligens, diligentis celer, celeris, celere altus, alta, altum malus, mala, malum (irregular…see bottom of 107) bonus, bona, bonum (irregular…see bottom of 107)

How To Compare Adverbs The comparative adverb always uses –IUS just like the neuter comparative adjective. clare: clearly clarius: more clearly leviter: lightly levius: more lightly

How to Compare Adverbs The superlative adverb is formed regularly from the superlative adjective form (drop the –us and add –e) clarrisimus: clearest clarissime: most clearly

Adverb Comparison Chart clare clarius clarissime clearly more clearly most clearly leviter levius levissime lightly more lightly most lightly

A Few More Words About ADJECTIVES A couple more things before we leave adjectives and adverbs and move on… 2 things to add to our previous information about adjectives and adverbs: Dative With Adjectives “Quam” plus the superlative

Dative with Adjectives Remember that dative case tells “to whom” or “for whom.” Some adjectives work really well with dative case nouns: Similis (similar…) Utilis (useful…) Etc.

Dative With Adjectives Puella est similis matri. The girl is similar to her mother. Puella est dissimilis puero. The girl is dissimilar (not similar) to the boy. Carrus est agricolae utilis. The cart is useful for/to the farmer.

“Quam” with the Superlative We’ve already seen how “quam” can mean “than” with the comparative adjectives: Equus est maior quam canis. The horse is larger than the dog.

“Quam” with the Superlative “Quam” can also be an intensifier with superlative adjectives and adverbs. When it’s used with a superlative, it means “as … as possible.” Quam clarissimus: as clear as possible Quam clarissime: as clearly as possible