Biological Compounds You are what you eat

CARBOHYDRATES Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Formula: CH2O Building Blocks: Simple Sugars Rich energy source Sugars & Starches

Sugars & Starches Sugars can be natural or added in food. Sugars are easily “burned” for energy Starches are composed of many simple sugars Starches are stored energy molecules

Building Blocks of Sugars Monosaccharide Polysaccharide Disaccharide

LIPIDS Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Very rich in energy. Critical for cell membranes and nerve impulses Fats, Oils, Waxes, Steroids

Building Blocks: Glycerol & Fatty Acids Glycerol is a 3 carbon molecule, able to bond with another molecule at each carbon Fatty acids are long chains of carbon, each with hydrogen or hydroxyls Each chain has an acid end

Lipids are essential for life Triglycerides are for energy storage. Help with vitamin absorption Phospholipids are the major component of cell membranes Phosphate replaces one of the fatty acids

PROTEINS Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen (CHON) Subunits are Amino acids Enzymes, Hormones, Pigments, Neurotransmitters, Structural (muscles)

Proteins Do the Work of the Cell Shape is important Shape determines the function of the protein Shape is determined by the amino acids Type Number Sequence (arrangement)

Building Blocks: Amino Acids Each Amino acid is composed of a carbon base, an acid group, and an amine group The “R” site, or radical, varies in each amino acid As simple as a H atom As complex as a ring structure

Amino Acids 20 different varieties of amino acid Form the “alphabet” of proteins

NUCLEIC ACIDS: Genetic Information Storage Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous (CHONP) Subunits are nucleotides Found in DNA and RNA

Building Blocks: Nucleotides Each nucleotide is composed of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base 4 nucleotides in DNA Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine 4 nucleotides in RNA Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

Two Types of Nucleic Acids DNA holds the genes, the genetic information It is a double-stranded molecule RNA acts as a working copy of the DNA It is single-stranded molecule

The Others Compounds that are essential to life, but don’t fit in the other categories Vitamins Minerals Water

VITAMINS These compounds don’t fit easily into the other categories Derived from amino acid or saccharide Often contains a metal Vitamins are biological compounds that assist in metabolic processes.

MINERALS Minerals are non-biological compounds that assist in metabolic processes Naturally occurring Form ions (electrolytes)

WATER Functions due to chemical properties Necessary to sustain life Hydrogen bonding Necessary to sustain life Allows chemical reactions to occur Provides solution for transport of compounds