Classification Summaries Use the answer keys to make corrections or additions to the summaries you have completed. Keep the summaries in your IB notebook under the Evolution tab.

Reproductive structures 5.3.A2 Recognition features of bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and angiospermophyta. Leaves, roots and stems Vascular tissue Reproductive structures Bryophytes (mosses, hornworts and liverworts) No roots, but structures similar to root hairs called rhizoids Mosses have simple leaves and stems Liverworts have a flattened thallus None Spores produced in capsules, which develop at the end of a stalk Filicinophytes (ferns) Roots present Short non-woody stems. Leaves usually divided into pairs of leaflets Yes Spores produced in sporangia on the underside of the leaves Coniferophytes (conifer shrubs and trees) Roots, present Woody stems Leaves usually narrow with a thick waxy cuticle Seeds develop from ovules in female cones. Male cones produce pollen. Angiospermophytes (flowering plants) Leaves and roots variable in structure Stems maybe woody (shrubs and trees) Seeds develop from ovules in ovaries, inside flowers. Seeds are dispersed by fruits which develop from the ovaries.

5.3.A3 Recognition features of porifera, cnidaria, platylhelmintha, annelida, mollusca, arthropoda and chordata. A summary of key features that can be used to distinguish between animal phyla Symmetry Segmentation Digestive tract (mouth or anus) Other features porifera (sponges) None No mouth or anus Porous attached to rocks Filter feeder cnidaria (corals, jellyfish, sea anemones, hydras) Radial Mouth but no anus Stinging cells Tentacles platylhelmintha (flatworms - flukes, tapeworms ) Bilateral Flattened body annelida (earthworms, leeches) Very segmented Mouth and anus bristles often present Mollusca (oyster, snails, octopus) Non-visible segmentation Most have shell made of CaCO3 Arthropoda (insects - ant, scorpion, crab, spider) Segmented Exoskeleton jointed appendages Chordata (fish, birds, mammals) notochord hollow dorsal nerve cord (some have ) pharyngeal slits & muscular, postanal tail

5.3.A4 Recognition of features of birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish. A summary of key features that can be used to distinguish between the vertebrate classes Limbs Gas Exchange (lungs/gills) Reproduction Other features birds 4 Pentadactyl limbs, 2 limbs modified as wings Lungs with parabronchial tubes Internal fertilization Hard shells around the eggs Feathers growing from skin Beak but no teeth Mammals 4 Pentadactyl limbs Lungs with alveoli Give birth to live young Mammary glands secrete milk Hairs growing from the skin Teeth including living tissue amphibians Simple lungs with small internal folds and moist surfaces External fertilization in water Protective jelly around eggs Larval stage lives in water Soft moist permeable skin reptiles Lungs with extensive folding Soft shells around eggs Dry scaly impermeable skin Simple teeth – no living tissue fish Fins Gills External fertilization in most species Scales grow from the skin with a single gill slit Swim bladder for buoyancy