Plants Life Cycle of Plants

Nonvascular Plants Lack tissues used to transport substances like water and sugars Absorb nutrients through their cells ex. Mosses, liverwort, hornwort Small due to lack of root system Leaves have a cuticle, a waxy covering to help retain moisture

Vascular Plants Tube-like structures for transporting materials Develop from seeds or spores Absorb water and minerals using their roots Vascular system transports nutrients to cells and organs of plant

Vascular Tissue Xylem: vessels that move water and minerals from roots to rest of plant Phloem: vessels that move starch and sugar from leaves to other parts of plants

Seedless Vascular Plants Produce spores Ex. Ferns, lycophytes, horse ferns Moist environments, part of lives they’re aquatic

Fern Structure Stems of fern are usually rhizomes which grow underground Leaves of fern, called fronds, grow up from rhizome and have a cuticle

Vascular Seed-Bearing Gymnosperms Non-flowering Produce male and female cones Ex. Conifers: pines, fir trees, redwoods Gymnosperm seeds are on cone instead of inside fruit Needle-like leaves and are evergreen- used for lumber and paper

Vascular Seed-Bearing Angiosperms Flowering plants Seeds are enclosed in a fruit Deciduous- leaves change with seasons Used in food, cotton, dyes, pigments, medicines, tea and spices Have roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds

Roots Anchors plant Absorbs water and minerals Stores food Root hairs increase surface area Root cap protects growing tip as it pushes through soil

Stems Support for leaves and flower Protection Cambium: increase size of stem Epidermis: covers entire plant Cortex: inside epidermis, helps protect

Leaves Factories of the plant Use energy from the sun to make sugar Stomata: tiny openings that allow CO2 to enter and O2 to leave

Flower Reproductive organ Stamen: male structure At the top of the stamen is the anther which produces pollen Pistil: female structure At the bottom of the pistil is the ovary which produces the ovule

Pollination During pollination, pollen grains stick to top of the pistil called the stigma The pollen grain grows a pollen tube down through the style to the ovary where it fertilizes an ovule The ovule develops into a seed

Pollination Self pollination: occurs when the pollen of a flower is transferred to the stigma of the same flower Cross pollination: the pollen from one flower sticks to insects which deposit the pollen on other flowers

Monocot vs Dicot Angiosperms are divided into 2 groups Based on the number of cotyledons the seed has and other characteristics Cotyledon: seed leaf that provides nutrition to developing seed or the first leaf Germination: seed coat splits and seed begins to grow