Chapter 1: Introduction

I. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy is the study of the location and relationship of body parts Ex. The names and locations of bones Gross (macroscopic) anatomy refers to the body parts that can be seen with the naked eye - Ex. The heart, lungs, skeletal muscles Microscopic anatomy refers to the body parts that can only be seen under a microscope - Ex. Cells and tissues

Ex. How the kidneys filter wastes from blood Physiology is the study of the function of body parts Ex. How the kidneys filter wastes from blood 1. Made up of subdivisions such as muscle physiology, renal physiology, and neural physiology

II. Level of Organization A. Cellular level (Fig. 1.1, pg. 4) - Cells are the smallest unit of living things B. Tissue level - Groups of the same cells make up tissues C. Organ level - Groups of tissues that work together

D. Organ System - A group of organs working together E. Organismal level - All organ systems

III. Organ Systems 1. Integumentary system- made up of the skin, hair, and nails - Protects our internal organs from the outside 2. Skeletal system- made up of the bones - Protects and supports internal organs

3. Muscular system- made up of skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles - Allows for movement of the body and body parts 4. Nervous system- made of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves - Allow for messages to be sent from one part of the body to another (controls body functions)

5. Endocrine system- made up of the pancreas and other glands - Involves hormones (chemicals) that regulate certain processes 6. Cardiovascular system- made up of the heart and blood vessels - Allows for the transport of nutrients and wastes through the body

7. Lymphatic system (immune system) - made up of the spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes - Allows for our body to defend itself against invading organisms 8. Respiratory system- made up of the lungs - Allows for the exchange of gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen)

9. Digestive system - made up of the mouth, stomach, and intestines - Allows for the break-down of food into usable substances (nutrients) 10. Urinary system- made up of the kidneys and bladder - Allows for the removal of wastes from the blood, and controls the amount of water in blood

Questions At which level of organization do different tissues work together? The lungs are part of which body system? The sciatic nerve is part of which body system? Which body system contains the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, and the thyroid gland? Which body system allows for the exchange of gases? Which organ system sends electrical signals throughout the body? Which organ system rids our bodies of nitrogenous wastes? Which organ system transports wastes away from the cells?

Chapter 1 Vocabulary Anatomy Physiology Homeostasis Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Respiratory system Digestive system Urinary system Homeostasis Receptor Control center Effector Negative feedback Positive feedback Sagittal plane Frontal plane Transverse plane Body cavity Viscera Serosa

IV. Homeostasis A. The ability to maintain a stable internal environment - Ex. Body temperature, pH, water B. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms - 3 parts of the body (Fig. 1.4, pg. 9) 1. Receptor - A sense organ that monitors changes (stimuli)

- Receives a signal from the receptor (afferent pathway) 2. Control center - Receives a signal from the receptor (afferent pathway) - Analyzes the information from the receptor - Sends a signal out (efferent pathway) 3. Effector Causes body’s response to stimulus 4. Variable - Factor or event being regulated Receptor Control Center

4. Negative Feedback vs. Positive Feedback - Negative feedback results in the body opposing the initial stimulus - Ex. Touching something hot! - Fig. 1.5, pg. 11 Feedback loop - negative

- Ex. Labor contractions - Positive feedback (less common) results in the body continuing toward the initial stimulus - Ex. Labor contractions = Childbirth

Questions To maintain a stable internal environment = ___ Examples of this are: _____________________ Three parts of body’s control mechanism are _____ Which type of feedback opposes the original stimulus? ________ Give an example – include variable and effector. Which type of feedback continues the original stimulus? ________ Give an example – include variable and effector.

V. Anatomy Position of Body Parts (pg. 13) Anatomical Position = scientific body position. Body upright, palms forward, thumbs out. Superior Toward the head Inferior Away from the head

Anterior (or ventral) Posterior (or dorsal) Toward the front of the body For four legged animals, the belly (inferior) Posterior (or dorsal) Toward the back (or “rear”) of the body For four legged animals, the back (superior)

Medial Lateral Intermediate Toward the midline (middle) of the body Away from the middle Intermediate Between medial and lateral

Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Closer to the “trunk” of the body Further from the “trunk” Superficial On or close to the surface Deep Below the surface

Specific Body Parts (Fig. 1.7, pg. 14) Axial – Trunk, neck, head Appendicular – appendages, limbs Memorize both anterior and posterior parts! Body Planes (Fig. 1.8, pg. 16) Saggital plane Vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides

Frontal plane Vertical plane, divides the body into front and back 3. Transverse plane Horizontal plane, divides the body into top and bottom - A transverse section is also known as a cross section

Questions The eyes are ___________ to the nose. The nose is ___________ to the mouth. The stomach is _________ to the heart. Which organ system sends electrical signals throughout the body? Which organ system rids our bodies of nitrogenous wastes? Which organ system transports wastes away from the cells?

Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity (Fig. 1.9, pg. 17) - Protects the nervous system organs - Consists of the cranial cavity (where the brain is) and the vertebral or spinal cavity (where the spinal cord is)

Ventral body cavity (Fig. 1.9, pg. 17) - Where the internal organs (viscera) are located Consists of the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity The thoracic cavity is divided into the pleural cavities (where the lungs are located) and the mediastinum The inferior mediastinum contains the pericardial cavity (where the heart is) and the superior encloses the esophagus and trachea

The abdominopelvic cavity (inferior to the thoracic) consists of the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity The abdominal cavity houses the digestive organs The pelvic cavity contains the bladder and reproductive organs

Questions In which body cavity will you find the lungs? In which body cavity will you find the stomach? In which body cavity will you find the heart? In which body cavity will you find the brain? In which body cavity will you find the urinary bladder? What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

Membranes in the Ventral Body Cavity (page 17-18) Serosa or Serous Membranes are thin double layer membranes. Parietal serosa line the cavity walls (parie=wall), then folds over to form the… Visceral serosa which covers the organs in the cavity. Membranes are seperated by serous fluid which allows for movement without friction

F. Abdominopelvic regions Divided into 9 regions (Fig. 1.11, pg. 19) Umbilical region (where belly button is) Epigastric region (superior to umbilical) Hypogastric region (inferior to umbilical) Right iliac (inguinal) region Left iliac (inguinal) region (lateral to hypogastric) Right lumbar region Left lumbar region (lateral to umbilical) Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region (lateral to epigastric)

G. Abdominopelvic quadrants Easier than regions Consists of RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, and LLQ H. Other body cavities Oral, nasal, orbital, and synovial

Questions In which abdominopelvic region is the stomach? In which abdominopelvic region is the appendix? In which abdominopelvic regions is the liver? In which abdominopelvic regions are the kidneys? In which abdominopelvic region are the lungs?