Living in the World of Jim Crow Ch. 9 Section 3 Living in the World of Jim Crow

Reconstruction-time period after the Civil War until 1877 African Americans had gained: Outlaw of slavery 13th Amendment Citizenship and due process 14th Amendment The right to vote 15th Amendment

After Reconstruction (1877) Southern blacks begin to lose the right to vote.

Southern States Try to stop African Americans from voting by passing requirements to vote. Some ways were: Poll tax: pay a tax in order to vote Own property: must own property to vote Literacy test: read and write to vote

Grandfather Clause Reinstates voters who have been eliminated from voting. Says that if you, your father or grandfather could vote before 1865 then you are able to vote.

Segregation Legal in the South Happens by custom, de facto, in the North.

Jim Crow in the South Jim Crow becomes the nickname of the segregation laws in the South. Examples… Parks -hospitals Schools -water fountains Transportation -public toilets

Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896 court ruling that established the “separate but equal” doctrine. Homer Plessy was 1/8th African American who challenged a Louisiana law for separate train cars.

Plessy vs. Ferguson The ruling said: - 14th Amendment does NOT prevent private organizations from discriminating against individuals. It was intended to give African Americans political and civil equality not social equality.

Racial Etiquette Not a law, but expectations of how African Americans are supposed to treat whites. Examples… Take off hat -step aside on sidewalk Whites call African Americans boy or 1st name No shaking hands Don’t look in the eye Served last

Violations If an African American violated racial etiquette, committed a criminal act or became too prosperous they were subject to violence and lynchings—killing by a mob. 1882-1892 1,200 killed by lynching White mobs were rarely caught or convicted.

Northern attitudes De facto segregation- “in fact” not by law Examples… Housing Schools Employment *Whites fear equality and competition for jobs.

Resisting Discrimination W.E.B. DuBois helps start the Niagra Movement which never accepts inferior status. Niagra Movement joins with whites to create the NAACP after race riots.

NAACP Purpose to abolish segregation and discrimination, oppose racism, and gain civil rights for African Americans. The NAACP works through the court system to gain equality.

Other Organizations National Urban League -improve housing and job opportunities National Negro Business League -help begin businesses American Negro Academy -promotes scholarly publications YMCA- separate recreational groups YWCA -separate recreational groups