The Nervous System Major division - Central vs. Peripheral Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Major division - Central vs. Peripheral Central or CNS- brain and spinal cord Peripheral- nerves connecting CNS to muscles and organs

Central Nervous System Spinal Cord Brain Brain and Spinal Cord key words: central nervous system; brain; spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System 3 kinds of neurons connect CNS to the body motor sensory interneurons Motor - CNS to muscles and organs Sensory - sensory receptors to CNS Interneurons: Connections Within CNS Spinal Cord Brain Nerves key words: peripheral nervous system

              Neurons are brain “cells” The brain is made up of neurons

Right Lobe Helps you think of abstract things (music, color, shape) Controls the left side of the body

Left Lobe Help in analyzing Helps us in math, logic and speech Controls the ride side of the body

Each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal key words: cerebral cortex; lobes; frontal; parietal; temporal; occipital

Frontal Lobe Located at the front of the brain Motor Cortex Frontal Lobe Motor Cortex Working Memory Motor Cortex Broca’s Area Located at the front of the brain Takes care of complex thinking, planning, imagining and reasoning Involved with intellect and personality key words: cerebral cortex; lobes; frontal; motor functions Frontal lobe is not directly involved in sensation or perception. Its functions are related to motor action (behavior). The motor cortex is the start of nerves that run through the spinal cord to the muscles. Broca’s area organizes sequences of speech movements. Damage leads to productive aphasia Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex is important in working memory. WM is short term memory for information needed to maintain a context, to prepare for the next step in a sequence of thought, and /or to inhibit irrelevant responses The wisconsin card sorting task illustrates the importance of working memory in maintaining context and inhibiting irrelevant responses

Occipital Lobe Located at the rear of the brain Contains visual cortex which processes sight

Parietal Lobe Outputs to Frontal lobe hand-eye coordination Located at the upper sides of the brain Processes messages such as those related to touch, taste and temperature Contains motor cortex which controls movement Parietal Lobe Somatosensory Cortex Outputs to Frontal lobe hand-eye coordination eye movements attention

Temporal Lobe Temporal Lobe #9 Located near the ears Auditory Cortex Temporal Lobe #9 Located near the ears Processes hearing and smell Involved in memory retrieval, thought and judgment Temporal Lobe

Peripheral Nervous System k e l t a ( o m i c ) y p h P r s A u n N v key words: peripheral nervous system; skeletal nervous system; somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

Somatic System Nerves to/from spinal cord control muscle movements somatosensory inputs Both Voluntary and reflex movements Skeletal Reflexes simplest is spinal reflex arc Muscle Motor Neuron Interneuron Skin receptors Sensory Brain

Autonomic Nervous System Can be divided into: Sympathetic Nervous System “Fight or Flight” Parasympathetic Nervous System “Rest and Digest” These 2 systems are antagonistic. Typically, we balance these 2 to keep ourselves in a state of dynamic balance. We’ll go further into the difference btwn these 2 later!

Autonomic System Two divisions: Control involuntary functions sympathetic Parasympatheitic Control involuntary functions heartbeat blood pressure respiration perspiration digestion Can be influenced by thought and emotion

Sympathetic “ Fight or flight” response CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain Spinal cord SYMPATHETIC Dilates pupil Stimulates salivation Relaxes bronchi Accelerates heartbeat Inhibits activity Stimulates glucose Secretion of adrenaline, nonadrenaline Relaxes bladder Stimulates ejaculation in male Sympathetic ganglia Salivary glands Lungs Heart Stomach Pancreas Liver Adrenal gland Kidney “ Fight or flight” response Release adrenaline and noradrenaline Increases heart rate and blood pressure Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles Inhibits digestive functions keywords: sympathetic nervous system; fighlt or flight response

Parasympathetic “ Rest and digest ” system CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain PARASYMPATHETIC Spinal cord Stimulates salivation Constricts bronchi Slows heartbeat Stimulates activity Contracts bladder Stimulates erection of sex organs Stimulates gallbladder Gallbladder Contracts pupil “ Rest and digest ” system Calms body to conserve and maintain energy Lowers heartbeat, breathing rate, blood pressure key words: parasympathetic nervous system; rest and digest system

Summary of autonomic differences Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract Decreases SALVATION Increases Perspires SKIN Dries Increases RESPERATION Decreases Accelerates HEART Slows Inhibits DIGESTION Activates Secrete stress hormones ADRENAL GLANDS Decrease secretion of stress hormones key words: sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

Reflex Drawing…