Controls of growth, development and movement

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Presentation transcript:

Controls of growth, development and movement Plant Hormones Controls of growth, development and movement

Processes in growth Cell division. Cell enlargment. Cell differentiation.

Movement in Plants Turgor movements (changes in turgor pressure in selected cells) Growth movements (elongation of selected cells in response to stimulus) phototropism geotropism thigmotropism

Turgor movement Mimosa pudica L. (sensitive plant)

Thigmotropism

Directional movements in response to a directional stimulus Tropic responses Directional movements in response to a directional stimulus

Growth movement

Phototropism

Geotropism

Hormones Signal molecules produced at specific locations. Occur in low concentrations. Cause altered processes in target cells at other locations.

Plant growth substances Artificially synthesized substances which produce hormone like responses

General plant hormones Auxins Gibberellins Cytokinins Abscisic acid Ethylene

Auxin

Auxin associated with phototropism - early experiments demonstrate tip as receptor.

Demonstration of transported chemical

Auxin Discovered as substance associated with phototropic response. Occurs in very low concentrations. Differential response depending on dose.

Loosening of cell wall

Additional responses to auxin abscission - loss of leaves flower initiation sex determination fruit development

Gibberellin

Discovered in association with Foolish disease of rice (Gibberella fujikuroi) uninfected infected

Effects of Gibberellins General cell elongation. Breaking of dormancy. Promotion of flowering. Transport is non-polar, bidirectional producing general responses.

Cytokinins

Function of cytokinins Promotes cell division. Morphogenesis. Lateral bud development. Delay of senescence. Stomatal opening. Rapid transport in xylem stream.

Abscisic acid

Functions of abscisic acid General growth inhibitor. Causes stomatal closure. Readily translocated. Produced in response to stress.

Ethylene H H \ / C = C / \

Functions of ethylene Gaseous in form. Rapid diffusion. Affects adjacent individuals. Fruit ripening. Senescence and abscission. Interference with auxin transport. Initiation of stem elongation and bud development.