1.4 – Changes in Cell Division Mutations & Cancers

Learning Goal To learn more about the effects of changes in cell division as it relates to Cloning and Cancer

Cloning Can be another solution for getting new cells or organs Defined – as the process of creating identically genetic copies of an organism Has been used for centuries by gardeners who took parts of a plant, planted these parts, and regrew the same exact plant that are “copies” of the parent plant

Cloning

Steps for Cloning Step 1: Scientist remove the cell’s nucleus of an egg from a female sheep Step 2: A cell is removed from an adult sheep This adult cell and the egg cell are put next to each other in a chemical solution Step 3: Electricity is added to help FUSE these two cells together Step 4: The now Fused cell starts to DIVIDE forming an EMBRYO Step 5: The embryo is placed inside the uterus of a surrogate mother The embryo develops into a fetus that is a clone of the adult cell

Steps for Cloning

Other Changes to DNA Aside from cloning, other changes to genetic material may not be so favourable Things like cancers and mutations may arise because “something is missing” or “something was put in the wrong place” or simply communication was not done properly

CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer 2.7 CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer When cells grow and divide out of control, they cause a group of diseases called cancer The result is a change in the DNA that controls the cell cycle. This change prevents the cell from staying in interphase for the normal period of time. When the normal checkpoints fail, the cell and its daughter cells will divide uncontrollably.

CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer TUMOURS Uncontrolled growth may create a rapidly growing mass of cells that form a lump, or tumour Tumours may be benign or malignant Benign tumors result for excess growth, but don’t take over other cells and spread throughout the body Malignant tumors are bad and CANCEROUS - they take over healthy cells and spread throughout the body

CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer

affect genetic information What is a Mutation? It’ not this …… Or this …… http://msperezbiology.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/5/3/13537101/_mutations.pdf But CHANGES in DNA that affect genetic information

CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer MUTATIONS When cells divide, their DNA is almost always duplicated error-free. The genetic information in their daughter cells is identical to the parent cell. Sometimes random changes occur in the cell’s DNA These changes are called mutations

Mutations When the information in our DNA changes, and the letters get “out of order” or “miss something” then a mutation can occur These changes to genetic info can be inherited Which can cause Negative effects (diseases like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or cancer) Positive effects (through natural selection evolved larger brains) Or no effects at all – such as Silent mutations

CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer CARCINOGENS Some mutations are caused by carcinogens Carcinogens are environmental factors that cause cancer. Examples include tobacco smoke, radiation, some viruses, certain chemicals, and many organic solvents.

CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer in Canadians over 40 years of age. Health Canada reports that 9 out of 10 lung cancer cases are caused by smoking. Some cancers are at least partly hereditary. These include some breast cancers and colon cancers.

CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer Super foods, seen above, can help your body protect itself from cancers CANCER SCREENING Factors affecting a person’s risk of getting cancer include personal and family medical history exposure to carcinogens in the environment lifestyle choices, such as eating more “super foods”

CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer Cancer screening means checking for cancer even when no symptoms are present. Screening can be performed: at home, as part of a routine self-examination by a doctor, such as a blood test as genetic testing, when there is a family history of cancer While screening does not prevent cancer, it does increase the likelihood of early detection and successful treatment.

CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT The earlier a cancer is diagnosed, the better the chances of successful treatment. Some diagnostic imaging techniques include endoscopy, X-ray, ultrasound, CT scanning, and MRI. Once an abnormality has been identified, a sample of the cells is removed and examined under a microscope. This is called a biopsy. This is the only way to positively confirm a diagnosis of cancer.

CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer The purpose of cancer treatment is to slow down the growth of tumours or destroy as many cancer cells as possible. Currently, there are three main methods of treatment: surgery chemotherapy radiation therapy

Cancer: Charlie Brown https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YJE4FhGxgA