Types of boundaries Destructive Boundaries – AKA Subduction Zones Constructive Boundaries – Places where plates move apart and create new land. Found mainly on ocean ridges. Collision Boundaries – Places where continental plates move together making high mountain ranges. E.g Himalayas Strike Slip – Where two plates slide past each other e.g San Andres fault that causes earthquakes in San Francisco and L.A. AKA – Conservative Boundaries.

Epicentres vs Focal Points

Note Box Richter scale - measure of the magnitude of seismic waves from an earthquake. The amplitude of the waves increases by powers of 10 in relation to the Richter magnitude numbers. Therefore an earthquake with a Richter scale of 8 is 20 times more powerful than an earthquake of 6 on the Richter scale.

A break in the ground opening up because of fault movement Fissure

A process by which water-saturated sediment temporarily loses strength and acts as a fluid, like when you wiggle your toes in the wet sand near the water at the beach. This effect can be caused by earthquake shaking. Liquefaction

is a movement of surface material down a slope. Landslide

If the rock mass above an inclined fault moves down, the fault is termed normal, whereas if the rock above the fault moves up, the fault is termed reverse. Uplift

If the block opposite an observer looking across the fault moves to the right, the slip style is termed right lateral; if the block moves to the left, the motion is termed left lateral. Horizontal Movement

Land unstable Liquefaction Uplift Impacts Cost of re-building Death & Injury Loss of Income Loss of homes Land unstable Buildings destroyed New land Liquefaction Uplift Farmland Impacts Room to build

Evidence of Impacts

A disaster waiting to happen!!! Wellington NZ A disaster waiting to happen!!!

How do we Know??