Free Energy and Pressure

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Free Energy and Pressure G = G° + RT ln(P) or ΔG = ΔG° + RT ln(Q) Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

Sketch graphs of: G vs. P H vs. P CONCEPT CHECK! Sketch graphs of: G vs. P H vs. P ln(K) vs. 1/T (for both endothermic and exothermic cases) G vs. P: A natural log graph (levels off as P increases). H vs. P: no relationship (slope of zero). lnK vs 1/T: endothermic - straight line, negative slope exothermic - straight line, positive slope Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

The Meaning of ΔG for a Chemical Reaction A system can achieve the lowest possible free energy by going to equilibrium, not by going to completion. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

The equilibrium point occurs at the lowest value of free energy available to the reaction system. ΔG = 0 = ΔG° + RT ln(K) ΔG° = –RT ln(K) Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

Change in Free Energy to Reach Equilibrium Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

Maximum possible useful work obtainable from a process at constant temperature and pressure is equal to the change in free energy. wmax = ΔG Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

All real processes are irreversible. Achieving the maximum work available from a spontaneous process can occur only via a hypothetical pathway. Any real pathway wastes energy. All real processes are irreversible. First law: You can’t win, you can only break even. Second law: You can’t break even. As we use energy, we degrade its usefulness. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

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