Unit 9: Revolutions in Asia Intro Think about…violence vs. non-violence as a way to change society. When (if ever) is violence justified in changing society? What are advantages/disadvantages of using violence to change society? What are some non-violent tactics people use to try and change society? What are advantages/disadvantages of using non- violence to change society?

Remember Imperialism? Why did countries (like Great Britain, France, Belgium etc) want to create empires? What were some problems imperialism created for native people?

Colonies Become Nations After WWII, throughout the 1940s, ‘50s, ‘60s and ‘70s almost all of colonies formerly held by European nations gained independence. Nations conquered by the Japanese during WWII also formed new governments. This process was called DECOLONIZATION- the process by which former colonies gained independence and formed new government and happened relatively non-violently in some areas, and violently and with more casualties in others.

WHY decolonization and nation building after WWII? Many countries had been promised independence since WWI and felt that it was time those promises were delivered (Ex: India) Some countries in Asia had experienced European Imperialism and then Japanese take over in WWII and wanted to build new nations (Ex: China, Vietnam) European countries were no longer in a position financially or militarily to maintain their colonies.

This unit will focus on two examples of decolonization and nation building from the same region and two leaders that had very different methods and results.

Revolutions in Asia: WHO Similar Goals: Different Philosophies “Communism is not love. Communism is a hammer which we use to crush the enemy.” “An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind”

Revolutions in Asia: How Gandhi Used non-violent civil disobedience tactics to end British rule in India CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE: The deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law and accept the consequences non violently. Typically is: PUBLIC, PROTEST OF AN UNFAIR LAW, NON-VIOLENT, INCLUDES A LOT OF PEOPLE, PASSIVE!!! EX: Protest Marches Hunger Strikes Boycotts

Revolutions in Asia: How Mao Envisioned communist revolution of peasants Used violent tactics to win Civil War with Nationalists Used Totalitarian tactics as leader of China

Revolutions in Asia: WHY Gandhi Saw peaceful resistance as best way to transition India into a self-governing, democratic state Acted as a motivator and spiritual leader, NOT government leader Mao Saw revolution as a means to gain rights for the poorest in society: the peasants, who experienced oppression from the wealthy Used totalitarian tactics to keep single party rule. ‘

India and Gandhi What do you remember about Imperialism in India specifcally? ….British East India Company ….Sepoy Rebellion & Raj ….Jewel in the Crown ….Pros and Cons for India & British

India’s Independence Movement Many Indians protested being second class citizens in their own country. Under the British Raj, Indians were barred from the top positions in government and made less money. Indian National Congress is founded in 1885 to represent the concerns of Indians....by the early 1900s they were calling for self government

WWI sparks more hope for independence.... Many Indians who helped Britain during WWI thought they would be rewarded with home rule and protests erupt when they are not. Britain passes Rowlatt Act to jail protesters. British government opens fire on 10,000 peaceful protesters gathered in protest of Rowlatt Acts. 400 are killed and 1200 are wounded. This becomes known as the Amritsar Massacre.

Mohandas K. Gandhi takes “Elitist” Indian Independence Movement to the Masses Upper Caste, British-educated lawyer Spent 20 years in South Africa before returning to India Later known as Mahatma or “Great Soul” Gandhi’s Major Goals For India Economic Self-Sufficiency Hindu-Muslim Unity Abolish Caste System Full Political Independence Gandhi’s Methods For Achieving Goals: Public and publicized acts of non-violent civil disobedience. These included boycotts, marches and strikes involving huge numbers of people willing to break unjust laws and then accepting punishment without resistance.

SALT MARCH 1930 Protesting British salt tax, Gandhi leads 400km march to the sea to make his own salt Leads to 60,000 Indians being arrested What purpose will this serve?

India’s Independence and Partition(1947) England grants India first limited home rule (1935) and then full independence (1947) Religious unrest Riots break out in major cities as Muslims protest Hindu run government British officials partition of India into two nations: India and Pakistan Results in mass movement of 10 million people.

Gandhi and Partition “What is there to celebrate? I see only rivers of blood.” Gandhi is assassinated in 1948 by a Hindu who thought Gandhi too protective of Muslim refugees. PARTITION’S EFFECTS TODAY: The area of Kashmir is still disputed by India and Pakistan today

Mahatma Gandhi: Pilgrim of Peace – 43 minute documentary http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0uYJIMpYmo