SUPER-DOOPER CELL NOTES Biology

Biology - The study of life Cell - Basic unit of all living things Cytology - The study of cells

History 1665 - Robert Hooke discovered “cells” by looking at cork 1674 - Leeuwenhoek viewed the first living cells in pond water 1838 - Schwann created the cell theory

Cell Theory All living things are made of cells. The structure and function of an organism is related to the cell(s) it is made up of. All cells come from existing cells through cellular division

The Animal Cell

Cell (Plasma) Membrane “gatekeeper”

All cells have one The cell membrane is a bi-layer (two layers) of protein and lipids (fats) Encloses the cell’s cytoplasm and organelles Selectively controls what enters or exits the cells (selectively permeable)

All cells have one The cell membrane is a bi-layer (two layers) of protein and lipids (fats) Encloses the cell’s cytoplasm and organelles Selectively controls what enters or exits the cells (selectively permeable)

Cytoplasm - “living stuff” Chemical reactions take place here Gives shape to cell & suspends organelles

Nucleus “control center” • Surrounded by a nuclear membrane • Contains the hereditary material (DNA) • Contains the nucleolus that produces ribosomes

Deoxyribonucleic Acid - DNA When the cell is not dividing, DNA is called chromatin. When cell is dividing, DNA coils up into short fat sticks called chromosomes.

Ribosomes “protein factories” Structural proteins (collagen, keratin, etc.) Functional proteins (hormones, enzymes, cell membrane channels, etc.)

Endoplasmic Reticulum “canal system” • Compartmentalizes the cell • Transportation system

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Rough because ribosomes are attached to it. Remember… ribosomes synthesize proteins Which type of cells have a lot of RER?

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) Smooth because there are no ribosomes attached to it Site of lipid synthesis Involved in the detoxification of drugs and alcohol A person with a severe drug or alcohol problem will have a lot of SER in what cells?

What are lipids??? Fats and oils Phospholipids (cell membranes) Steroid lipids (i.e., cholesterol) Cholesterol is the base for some steroid hormones such as estrogen & testosterone

Golgi Apparatus “bag boy/girl”

The golgi apparatus looks like a series of flattened sacs (resembles a stack of pancakes) Concentrates and packages cell products for the cell

Mitochondria “power house”

Mitochondria Respiration center Site of energy production Energy is produced in the form of ATP Which cells will have the most mitochondria?

Lysosomes “garbage disposal” Cleans up the cell Contain enzymes that break apart macromolecules (proteins, fats, etc.) Self-contained so the cell doesn’t destroy itself

Cytoskeleton “wonder bra” Gives support & shape Provides support for some movement

Centrioles Used in cell division Found only in animal cells

Vacuole “cactus” Stores water for the cell

Tissues - made up of many cells working together

Skin cells are layered…

Human Nerve Cell

Fat Cells

Red Blood Cells

Muscle Cells

Bone Cells

Cartilage Cells

Egg & Sperm Cells

Sperm Wars… Kamikaze Sperm A block sperm that enter after they do Kamakaze Sperm B attack sperm that entered before they did Sperm compete to get into the egg

The tissues are organized…

The human body is made of tissues organized into systems

Plant Cells

Some plants are a single Cell example: diatoms Plant Cells Some plants are a single Cell example: diatoms

Diatoms

Cell Wall Thick rigid wall Provides shape and protection Found only in plants

Vacuoles Huge storage centers for water in plants (small in animal cells)

Chloroplasts Green organelles that photosynthesize Only found in plants

Differences between plant and animal cells Plants have a cell wall Vacuoles are bigger in plants Plants have chloroplasts Centrioles are only found in animal cells