Journal #19 Write the following vocabulary words in your journal Chapel – a place of worship or small church Communal – belonging to the members of a group as a whole rather than to any particular individual Ember – a glowing or smoldering piece of coal, wood, or other material left after a fire Newly – lately, recently, fresh Confluence – a place where things flow together

Independence! 6.5

Bonus Questions What was Thomas Paine’s famous quote from his Crisis papers that inspired the soldiers to keep fighting? How did George Washington keep the Revolution alive during the winter of 1776- 1777? What battle was a major turning point in the Revolutionary War? Why was it so important?

The War in the West Eventually the Revolutionary War started being fought on the western frontier Mostly between colonists and Native Americans George Rogers Clark, a 24 year old Virginian, becomes a leader of the colonial fighters

George Rogers Clark (1752-1818) Born in Virginia (not far from Thomas Jefferson) One of 10 children (6 boys) 5 of the 6 boys in his family were officers in the Revolution The 6th brother, William Clark, was too young to fight Helped establish Kentucky, which was a county in Virginia during the Revolution, and founded Louisville Leader of the defense of Kentucky during the Revolution Won important battles for the Patriots at Kaskaskia and Vincennes Highest ranking military officer on the northwestern frontier during the Revolution

The Battle of Kaskaskia Kaskaskia was a British trading village on the Mississippi River It was important in order for British soldiers to get supplies to Fort Detroit and because it was close to the confluence of the Mississippi & Ohio Rivers In June 1778, Clark and 175 soldiers set out toward Kaskaskia They took a difficult route, crossing rapids and thick forests, in order to surprise the British On July 4, 1778, the surprised British leaders surrendered to Clark without a fight

The Battle of Vincennes Vincennes surrendered to the Patriots after the Battle of Kaskaskia While Clark was negotiating with Native Americans in the area, the British recaptured Vincennes Clark returns to Vincennes in late February 1779 and took back the town Clark was never able to take Fort Detroit, but his efforts greatly weakened the British army in the West The Battle of Vincennes

The War in the South After the American victory at Saratoga, the British focused on the southern colonies The British were led by General Henry Clinton The British strategy of freeing slaves who joined them worked well

The British Capture Savannah Quamino Dolly, a slave from Georgia, showed the British a secret trail to the port city of Savannah The British used the trail to surprise the Patriots and capture the city Casimir Pulaski is killed in this battle 948 Patriot casualties and 155 British

The British Capture Charleston Charleston was an important port city in South Carolina After months of hard-fought battles, the Patriots surrendered on May 12, 1780 The British took more than 5,000 POW’s Bonus question – what is a POW?

The British March Through the South As the British marched through the South they destroyed Patriot property In South Carolina they seized the plantation of indigo developer Eliza Lucas Pinckney They stole her valuables, destroyed her crops, and killed her farm animals

The Battle of Camden, South Carolina In August 1780, Patriot forces led by Horatio Gates tried to drive out the British The attack was poorly planned, Gates only had half as many soldiers as he originally thought Most of his troops were also hungry and tired from the march In an attempt to raise their spirits, Gates fed the troops large amounts of molasses and cornmeal – this made many of the men sick The Patriot attack quickly fell apart, and the British crush the Patriots Only about 700 out of 4,000 Patriots make it to safety, the Patriots basically lose their entire southern army

Guerilla Warfare in the South The southern Patriots did not stop fighting – they switched to guerilla warfare swift, hit and run attacks Francis Marion – led a group of guerilla fighters called Marion’s Brigade His men destroyed British communications and supply lines He earned the nickname “the swamp fox” “The Patriot” is based upon Francis Marion

1781 In early 1781 the war was going badly for the Patriots they were low on money to pay soldiers and to buy supplies The army’s morale took another blow when Benedict Arnold turned traitor and joined the British Arnold tried to surrender West Point to the British before he was caught The British also controlled much of the South

1781 British general Charles Cornwallis wanted to tighten his hold on the southern colonies He moved his troops to Yorktown, Virginia He plans an attack on a small Patriot force led by the Marquis de Lafayette

Washington in New York George Washington was in New York planning strategy with French General Comte de Rochambeau Rochambeau had just arrived in New York with a large French army A French fleet was also sailing to America (Virginia) to help the Patriots Washington decided to use these new arrivals to trap Cornwallis in the South

Victory in Yorktown Took place from September 28th to October 19th 1781 The French fleet arrives and takes control of the Chesapeake Bay Washington and Rochambeau moved their troops south and surrounded Cornwallis The Patriot and French army had 16,000 troops, more than twice as many as Cornwallis

Victory at Yorktown For weeks the Patriots held Yorktown under siege, steadily wearing down the British The British navy tried to rescue Cornwallis’s army but the French fleet drove them away Washington prepared for a major attack on the British Cornwallis surrendered on October 20, 1781 “It’s all over”

After Yorktown At Yorktown, the Patriots captured the largest British army in America Only a few small battles took place afterward In June 1781, the Continental Congress began peace negotiations with the British

Benjamin Franklin to England “Let us now forgive and forget…America will, with God’s blessing, become a great and happy Country; and England, if she has at length gained Wisdom, will have gained something.”

The Treaty of Paris of 1783 The delegates took more than 2 years to come to an agreement In The Treaty of Paris of 1783 Great Britain recognized the independent United States The treaty set the new nations borders Great Lakes in the North, Mississippi in the West The British also accept the Americans right to settle and trade west of the 13 colonies