War Turns for the North Anaconda Plan gradually began to work and the Union began to make progress in the western part of the Confederacy by late 1862. They began to cut supply lines, destroy crops and rail lines. The first major blow to the south occurred at Antietam in Maryland in 1862 By the beginning of 1863 the north was beginning to use its advantages of men and materials to defeat the Confederacy

War Turns for the North Lee took tried to take the war to the north in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania in July of 1863. He was defeated and retreated south. Ulysses Grant was named commander of Union forces in 1864 and he began to purse Lee until he was defeated Union General William T. Sherman led 60,000 troops on a march through Georgia and South Carolina in the fall of 1864. 400 mile “march to the sea” used a strategy called total war - targeted troops, support and supplies needed to feed, clothe and support the army. Troops burned crops, destroyed railroad tracks, homes and plantations. They burned the city of Atlanta in the fall of 1864 By the spring of 1865 the south was exhausted and Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox courthouse April 9, 1865

Emancipation Proclamation When the war began Lincoln did not think he had the authority to abolish slavery- his chief goal was to preserve the Union In the fall of 1862 after the Battle of Antietam he decided the time was right to issue the Emancipation Proclamation that freed the slaves January 1, 1863 all slaves in the south were declared free. It did not apply to free states or areas of the south already under federal control (to keep border states happy) Union army began to actively recruit former slaves to join their cause This changed the nature of the Civil War from something to preserve the Union and redefined it as to being about slavery, gave war a moral tone Removed any chance of negotiated settlement to war

Politics of War 1864 presidential election fell in the midst of war Many Northerners did not support Lincoln Resented expansion of presidential power and the war itself Democrats against the war (Copperheads) obstructed the war efforts in Congress Election of 1864 between Lincoln (R) and George McClellan (D) Lincoln choose Andrew Johnson of TN as his running mate to attract war Democrats and border state vote Lincolns election was secured by a series of Union victories in the months before the election 1865 Five days after Lee’s surrender Lincoln was assassinated at the pinnacle of his fame by a fanatically pro-southern actor John Wilkes Booth

Aftermath 600,000 died; 1 million wounded or maimed Generation of men lost to war Idea of states’ rights moot Passage of 13th Amendment officially ended slavery, 14th Amendment guaranteed civil rights US became a singular nation, not a collection of states Power of federal government expanded, banking, judicial system became more powerful, government expected to protect rights above state powers Industrial growth kick started because of war effort National legal, industrial and governmental institutions came out of war

Results of War