13-3 Reforming Society Pages 410-415 Second Great Awakening (Christian renewal revival, Charles Grandison Finney & Lyman Beecher) 2. Social Reformers Speak Out (Renewed faith & middle class reformers) * Temperance Movement (stop drinking hard alcohol) * Prison reform (Dorothea Dix visits prisons & about reform) 3. Improvements in Education (Many children had no access to schools) * Education in the Early 1800’s (McGuffey’s Readers & wealth determining educational quality) * Common-School Movement (all children in common school regardless of background) * Women’s Education (Catharine Beecher started all-female academy, many universities opened for women) * Teaching People with Special Needs (schools for the deaf & blind opened in 1831 ) 4. African American Communities (African Americans pushed for racial equality & education, Oberlin College began admitting blacks in 1835, Harvard in the 1840’s)

13-3 Reforming Society Second Great Awakening Pages 410-415 Second Great Awakening Christian renewal movement Swept through New York & frontier (KY,OH,TN,& SC) Charles Grandison Finney one of the leaders Finney challenged some traditional Protestant beliefs Finney’s style & ideas angered traditionalists like Lyman Beecher Because of Awakening & Finney church membership soared (Women & African Americans) A religious revival during 2nd Great Awakening Charles Grandison Finney Lyman Beecher

13-3 Reforming Society 2. Social Reformers Speak Out Pages 410-415 2. Social Reformers Speak Out Renewed faith led to movements to reform society Many (middle class) women did not work, so they became reformers A. Temperance Movement Reformers believed alcohol led to family violence & crime Reformers urged people to avoid hard alcohol B. Prison Reform Dorothea Dix visited prisons & reported findings Mentally ill & runaway children in prisons in intolerable conditions Dorothea Dix reported how the mentally ill were chained to walls with little or no heat. Further, children also received the same punishments as adults for crimes they committed.

13-3 Reforming Society 3. Improvements in Education Pages 410-415 3. Improvements in Education Poor public education was a problem Many children worked in factories or on farms A. Education in Early 1800’s The availability of education varied Social background & wealthy affected quality of education B. Common-School Movement Horace Mann led movement to have all children taught in common place regardless of background C. Women’s Education Education reform created better opportunities for women Catharine Beecher started all-female academy, Troy Female Seminary opened 1821 for women along with other schools. D. Teaching People with Special Needs Education reform led to schools for the deaf & blind

13-3 Reforming Society Pages 410-415 McGuffey’s Reader’s taught reading & the learning or moral & social values. Horace Mann led the Common-School Movement & became Massachusetts 1st Secretary of Education Troy Female Seminary, now the Emma Willard School was one of the first university level institutions for women. This schoolhouse is an example of where students of all levels went to school in the 1830’s.

13-3 Reforming Society 4. African American Communities Pages 410-415 4. African American Communities Communities usually segregated, or separated African Americans reformers influenced by 2nd Awakening Free African Religious Society pushed for racial equality & education for blacks Oberlin College began admitting African Americans in 1835 Law in South barred enslaved people from education Alexander Crummel pushed for the creation of schools for African Americans. Richard Allen founded the Free African Religious Society & pressed for racial equality & education for blacks