Monitoring and Evaluating Climate Change Actions: Overview and Introduction Session 2: Designing M&E for Climate Actions Training for CCC on Monitoring and Evaluation 3-4 April 2019

Results Framework identifies the intended results an intervention aims to achieve and the logical cause-and-effect relationship between the intervention’s inputs and activities and these results (RF is often depicted as a theory of change, logic model, or log frame). A Theory of Change (ToC) framework is increasingly favored for CCA M&E Indicators are markers of progress toward the intended results outlined in the results framework Monitoring generally refers to the systematic and continuous collection of data, quantitative and/or qualitative, about the progress of a project or program over time Reporting, alongside monitoring, often at annual (or more/less frequent) intervals, serve to take stock of progress and support routine management and accountability purposes Evaluation is a separate analysis that draws upon all these components, but also involves additional independent data collection and analysis. The aim is to determine the relevance and fulfillment of objectives, development efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability”. (OECD 2002) M&E: BASIC COMPONENTS Source: STAP (2017). Strengthening Monitoring and Evaluation of Climate Change Adaptation: A STAP Advisory Document. Global Environment Facility, Washington, D.C.,

Global Accord Paris Agreement Article 3: As nationally determined contributions to the global response to climate change, all Parties are to undertake and communicate ambitious efforts as defined in Articles 4, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 13 Article 4.13 Parties shall account for their nationally determined contributions. In accounting for anthropogenic emissions and removals corresponding to their nationally determined contributions, Parties shall promote environmental integrity, transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability and consistency, and ensure the avoidance of double counting, in accordance with guidance adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement. Article 7.9d Each Party shall, as appropriate, engage in adaptation planning processes and the implementation of actions, including the development or enhancement of relevant plans, policies and/or contributions, which may include: (d) Monitoring and evaluating and learning from adaptation plans, policies, programmes and actions;

Global Accord Paris Agreement Article 13 of the Paris Agreement established an enhanced transparency framework for action and support, with built-in flexibility which takes into account Parties’ different capacities and builds upon collective experience. Art 13.5 The purpose of the framework for transparency of action is to provide a clear understanding of climate change action in the light of the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2, including clarity and tracking of progress towards achieving Parties' individual nationally determined contributions under Article 4, and Parties' adaptation actions under Article 7, including good practices, priorities, needs and gaps, to inform the global stocktake under Article 14. Art 13.6 The purpose of the framework for transparency of support is to provide clarity on support provided and received by relevant individual Parties in the context of climate change actions under Articles 4, 7, 9, 10 and 11, and, to the extent possible, to provide a full overview of aggregate financial support provided, to inform the global stocktake under Article 14.

The modalities, procedures and guidelines for the enhanced transparency framework is currently being negotiated under the Ad hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement (APA)

M&E: BASIC COMPONENTS Results Framework Indicators Monitoring Reporting Evaluation M&E: BASIC COMPONENTS Source: STAP (2017). Strengthening Monitoring and Evaluation of Climate Change Adaptation: A STAP Advisory Document. Global Environment Facility, Washington, D.C.,

M&E: Mitigation A “must” based on the Paris Agreement Clear Global target; National Targets as per the NDCs Fairly Straightforward -- emission reduction and removals! Uses the MRV tools and processes (with clear and agreed standards) Mitigation has bulk of the current CC financing – MRV importance well discussed, covered, and integral to funding scheme

M&E: Mitigation

M&E: Adaptation Importance of Adaptation M&E There is an urgent need to prepare for and adapt to CC impacts We need to track progress We need to understand what works, where, why so we can learn and go to scale and sustain results over time Facilitates creation, development, and implementation of a more comprehensive approach to climate adaptation Very important for improved decision making (policy, planning, actions) Tool for communications and encouraging participation Helps avoid and or reduce maladaptation

M&E: Adaptation Some Identified Challenges Scope is very broad M&E is broadly used for transparency and accountability but CCA M&E is complex and is in an uncharted path Key concepts ‘vulnerability’, ‘adaptive capacity’ and ‘resilience’ are commonly used or used interchangeably Lack of widely agreed indicators or standardized indicators Has been projectized– good, but is it enough? Have a clear Result Framework Non-linear – TOC; make Learning part of M&E National Policies based on latest science – allow for Select suitable indicators; moderate expectations; quantitative + qualitative information; learning focused evaluation Mainstreaming; KM; linking scales

M&E: Adaptation Some Identified Challenges The lack of predictable comparability, replicability, and scalability of CCA create practical methodological challenges for M&E Results attribution is a challenge given its interrelation with natural, social, economic factors and drivers M&E is a resource-intensive activity and Countries and other entities implementing CCA measures often do not have institutional structures, technical capacity or the resources to carry out M&E activities Inherent uncertainties as CCA is implemented; It can be a moving target M&E across scales; level specific approach; informal synthesis; KM Mainstreaming; develop proxy indicators; Have a clear ToC Invest on M&E; capacity building; build and anchor on existing M&E system; engage more agencies Develop criteria that capture and promote robustness and flexibility

Results (outputs & outcomes), Further Requirements M&E: Adaptation What should be measured in CCA M&E? Progress Effectiveness Learning Process, Results (outputs & outcomes), Further Requirements

Results (outputs & outcomes), Further Requirements M&E: Adaptation Source: IIED Briefing, August 2018 What should be measured in CCA M&E? Progress Effectiveness Learning Process, Results (outputs & outcomes), Further Requirements

Results (outputs & outcomes), Further Requirements M&E: Adaptation What should be measured in CCA M&E? Progress Effectiveness Learning Process, Results (outputs & outcomes), Further Requirements

Nationally Determined Contribution M&E: Adaptation What should be measured in CCA M&E? Progress Effectiveness Learning Nationally Determined Contribution Process, Results (outputs & outcomes), Further Requirements

CCA M&E: add’l points to keep in mind Generally CC M&E should build on and integrate with existing national M&E system Do not get too fixated on just capturing indicators – it doesn’t tell you “the why” and “the how” behind the numbers CCA M&E requires multiple actors – it’s a system-wide effort as it is linked with and cuts across sectors, levels of governance, and various scope. RF, targets, indicators shall be owned by all relevant actors Do not forget what adaptation is: “Adaptation” Defined IPCC AR5: The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects UNFCC: Adaptation refers to adjustments in ecological, social, or economic systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli and their effects or impacts. It refers to changes in processes, practices, and structures to moderate potential damages or to benefit from opportunities associated with climate change (IPCC 2001, TAR) Philippines RA 9729: Adaptation refers to adjustments in natural and human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli and their effects which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities

Thank you for your attention! End of Presentation Thank you for your attention!