Initial breaking down of Glucose Occurs in the CYTOPLASM MAKES 2 ATP GLYCOLYSIS! Initial breaking down of Glucose Occurs in the CYTOPLASM MAKES 2 ATP OXYGEN PRESENT AEROBIC NO OXYGEN PRESENT ANAEROBIC KREBS CYCLE OCCURS IN THE MITOCHONDRIA FERMENTATION Alcoholic or Lactic Acid ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN OCCURS IN THE MITOCHONDRIA NET 2 ATP + 2 in GLYCOLYSIS = 4 ATP  NET 36 ATP + 2 in GLYCOLYSIS = 38 ATP!

Where does Energy come from?

The Sun is the source of all energy

I. How organisms obtain energy A. Autotrophs (Producers) – organisms that can make their own food Ex. Bacteria, Algae, Plants

B. Heterotrophs (Consumers) – Organisms that obtain energy from the food they eat Ex. Some Protists, Fungi Animals,

C. Why organisms need energy? For Life Processes like Mechanical function (muscle contractions – animals, turning toward the sun – plants) Protein synthesis Active transport

How do organisms store energy? In the form of ATP (energy molecule)

II. ATP Adenosine TriPhosphate – most important energy storing compound used by every cell

Why is 3rd phosphate like a baaad boyfriend? The phosphates are attached by high energy bonds Enzymes break off the last high energy bond and energy is released to do cell work leaving ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) P O– O –O energy P O– O –O + P O– O –O P O– O –O

ATP is recyclable Fully charged battery ATP Half charged battery ADP

Energy Transfer

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis Autotrophs convert the energy of the sun into usable energy (sugar/glucose, starch) that can be stored by the plant. sun 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ------------ C6H12O6 + 6O2 chlorophyll Oxygen - waste product

Reactants are the compounds that go INTO a chemical reaction first Reactants are the compounds that go INTO a chemical reaction first. They are on the left hand side of the equation. What are the reactants of photosynthesis? Products are the compounds that are produced and come OUT of a chemical reaction. They are on the right side of the equation. What are the products of photosynthesis?

Chloroplast Found in autotrophic (producers) cells = plant-like protists, and plants Organelle found in eukaryotic cells Site of photosynthesis Chloroplast

Chloroplast STROMA GRANA Contains Chlorophyll – a special light-trapping pigment – reflects green color STROMA GRANA Chloroplast

Photosynthesis vs. Respiration The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration (the opposite is also true) Photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Cellular Respiration protists

What’s the point? ATP The Point is to Make ATP!

I. Cellular Respiration Overview Energy stored in the bonds of glucose Definition – process of breaking down food molecules to release energy needed to form new ATP

Formula: C6H12O6 + 6O2  ATP +6 CO2 + 6 H2O Cellular Respiration 36 Autotrophs and heterotrophs produce ATPs by cellular respiration Produces energy for life’s processes

Cellular Respiration Releases energy from food by producing ATPs in the presence of O2 2. Occurs in mitochondria (organelle in eukaryotic cells) 3. Aerobic – Oxygen is needed (goes in) 4. Produces 36 ATPs (more than fermentation) CO2 – waste product (comes out)

What if Oxygen is not present? We still need ATP to function

Fermentation Releases energy from food by producing ATP in the absence of O2 2. Anaerobic – no oxygen is needed 3. Produces 2 ATPs 4. Types of fermentation: Lactic acid fermentation Alcoholic fermentation

b. Lactic Acid Fermentation Occurs in muscles during rapid exercise when body can’t supply enough O2 to tissues Pyruvic acid is converted to Lactic acid Lactic acid build up causes soreness in the muscles

c. Alcoholic Fermentation Occurs in yeast Pyruvic acid is converted to ethyl alcohol and CO2 Useful for brewers and bakers CO2 production causes bread to rise

Overview Cellular Respiration (Muscles) 2ATPs Fermentation Alcoholic Glycolysis Fermentation Cellular Respiration Alcoholic (Yeasts) 2 ATPs Lactic Acid (Muscles) 2ATPs 36 ATPs (lots) CO2 H2O No Oxygen Present Oxygen

Photosynthesis animations http://www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/forestbiology/photosynt hesis.swf http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio111 /animations/0054.swf http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/m etabolism/photosynthesis.swf http://www.coe.missouri.edu/~pgermann/projects/SSM E/Overview/IntVis/Light_Reactions/light_reactions.html

Respiration animations http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/biologicalsciences/Faculty/D Meyer/respiration.html