Future and Perfect of “sum” Translating infinitives Lesson XVII Future and Perfect of “sum” Translating infinitives

arma, armorum (n.) arms, weapons

auxilium, auxili (n.) aid, help

bellum, belli (n.) war

concordia, concordiae (f.) harmony

nuntius, nunti (m.) messenger

causa, causae (f.) cause, reason, case

dominus, domini (m.) master

oppidum, oppidi (n.) town

populus, populi (m.) people

aequus, aequa, aequum even, just, calm

latus, lata, latum wide

publicus, publica, publicum

verus, vera, verum true, real, not false

debeo, debere, debui, debitus ought, owe

maturo, maturare, maturavi, maturatus hasten

quis who?

quid ? what?

ubi where? when? ?

-ne ? (used to introduce yes-or-no questions)

nonne ? (used to introduce questions expecting a “yes” answer)

“SUM” “Sum” is the “to be” verb. Like other languages, including English, “sum” is an irregular verb in Latin. SUM, ESSE, FUI, FUTURUS: to be

Future Tense of “Sum”: ERO text p. 127 (1st chart) Singular Plural ero I will be erimus we will be eris you will be eritis y’all will be erit he/she/ it will be erunt they will be These are stand-alone words, not endings.

“ERO” in action! Nauta ero. Erit servus. Eris agricola bonus. Erunt laeti (happy). Numerus erit parvus. Victoria erit grata. I will be a sailor. He will be a slave. You will be a good farmer. They will be happy. The number will be small. Victory will be pleasing.

Perfect Tense of “Sum”: FUI text p. 127 (2nd chart) Singular Plural fui I have been,was fuimus we have been, were fuisti you have been, were fuistis y’all have been, were fuit he/she/ it has been, was fuerunt they have been, were sum, esse, fui, futurus: to be Drop the “i” and add the perfect endings like we learned for other verbs.

“FUI” in action! Nauta fui. Fuit servus. etc. I have been (was) a sailor. He has been (was) a slave.

Things to Take Away With You… The verb “to be” has future and perfect tenses. Future tense: “ero” (already learned in class) Perfect tense: “fui” (uses perfect tense endings already learned in class) Learn both charts!

Infinitives p. 128 text An infinitive is a verb with the word “to” in front of it to carry, to tell, to love, to hurry… Remember: “TO infinity (-ive)…” 

Using Infinitives In Latin, infinitives are the 2nd principal part of the verb. Infinitives end in –re. amo, amare: to love porto, portare: to carry doceo, docere: to teach

Using Infinitives Infinitives can be used as subjects. Docere est gratum. To teach is pleasing. Habere amicos est bonum. To have friends is good. (It’s good to have friends.)

Using Infinitives Infinitives can be used as objects. Puella pupas portare amat. The girl likes to carry dolls. Cibum parare debet. He ought to prepare food.

Things to Take Away With You… Infinitives are translated “to (verb)” Infinitives are the 2nd part of a Latin verb. Latin infinitives are recognized by their –re ending.

nonne ? (used to introduce questions expecting a “yes” answer)

dominus, domini (m.) master

arma, armorum (n.) arms, weapons

quid ? what?

auxilium, auxili (n.) aid, help

maturo, maturare, maturavi, maturatus hasten

ubi where? when? ?

nuntius, nunti (m.) messenger

causa, causae (f.) cause, reason, case

-ne ? (used to introduce yes-or-no questions)

populus, populi (m.) people

aequus, aequa, aequum even, just, calm

latus, lata, latum wide

publicus, publica, publicum

verus, vera, verum true, real, not false

quis who?

bellum, belli (n.) war

debeo, debere, debui, debitus ought, owe

concordia, concordiae (f.) harmony

oppidum, oppidi (n.) town