Events to Review During the Dark Ages

Table of Contents: 1. Rise of Islam 2. Crusades 3. Mongol Empire Muhammad Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate 2. Crusades Great Schism Different Crusades 3. Mongol Empire Gengis Khan Khanates 4. Trade Routes Silk Road 5. Black Plague 6. Africa 7. Americas

Rise of Islam

Arabian Peninsula before Islam (pre 570): Between Byzantine Empire and Persian Had some Christians, some Jews, some Pagans Mostly merchants to worship Kaaba

Muhammad (born 570 CE) Merchant in Mecca Did not like the materialism people had Was aware of Christian and Jewish faiths Went to Mt. Hira to pray and meditate Visited by Archangel Gabriel (610 CE)

5 Pillars of Islam: 1. No God but Allah and Muhammad is his Prophet 2. Pray 5 times a day 3. Give to the poor 4. Ramadan: holiday for feasting for 1 month 5. Pilgrimage: visit Mecca once in a lifetime

Fight for Islam (timeline) 622: Muhammad forced to flee Mecca 630: Muhammad returns to Mecca with a large army, all of city converts to Islam 633: Muhammad dies. Abu Bakr elected Caliph (successor), Muhammad’s father in law 638: Muslims conquer Syria and Palestine from Byzantines 641: Muslims conquer Egypt from Byzantines 651: Muslims conquer Persia 661: Imam Ali dies, ended rule of “rightly guided Caliphs”, beginning Umayyad Caliphate 675: Siege of Constantinople (fail) 710: Muslims conquer Spain 750: Abbasids take over from 1000: Muslim merchants spread faith through Africa

Cool battles: 636: Battle of Yarmuk- Muslims destroy Byzantine army and take Syria, a huge source of wealth for Byzantine government. Major turning point in world history. Makes Muslims important to history 650: Muslims conquer Persia, making a huge group of Persians Muslim 675: Siege of Constantinople: THEY (Byzantines) USED FLAMETHROWERS!!!!! 710: Muslim conquest of Spain. Sets up a lot of messed up things later on (Inquisition) 711: Battle of Tours: Frankish forces with Charles Martel defeat a Muslim force preventing Islam from spreading into Western Europe

FLAMETHROWERS!!!!

Umayyad Rule (661-750 CE) Muwawiyah established as first Caliph of Islamic Caliphate- not related to Muhammad Sunni/Shia split Established capital in Damascus, Syria

Islamic Spread

Abbasid Rule (750-1258) Took control from Umayyads Claimed lineage from Muhammad Changed capital to Baghdad Took on more Persian style rule “King of Kings” Satrapy Not as unified or as powerful as it looks

Crusades 1095-1291

Christendom: a World Divided Iconoclastic Controversy Argument on whether statues can be used to pray to (influenced by Islam) Great Schism (1054) Roman Catholic (west) vs. Eastern Orthodox (east)

Crusades Timeline (1094): Emperor Alexius II sends a letter to Pope asking for help (1095): Pope Urban II make a sermon to call Frankish knights to “reclaim” Jerusalem for Christians (1099): 1st Crusade- Frankish armies conquer Jerusalem, establish Kingdom of Jerusalem (1147-49) 2nd Crusade- try to take Damascus (failure) (1187): Jerusalem falls to Saladin (muslim leader) (1189): 3rd Crusade- Christians retake Acre and get to visit Jerusalem (1202): 4th – supposed to take Egypt, instead takes Constantinople (1258): Abassid Caliphate destroyed by Mongols (1260): Battle of Ain Jalut- Muslims vs. Mongols (Muslims win) (1291): City of Acre falls, last city held by Christians

Crusader Kingdoms Kingdom of Jerusalem

Mongol Empire

The Mongols Nomadic people from northern China Really good at riding horses Really really tough Split into warring tribes

Genghis Khan (Temujin) Tribal leader in North-Central Asia Gained control of the tribes around him Used them to conquer all nomadic tribes

Mongol Empire Timeline (1206): Temujin assumes title Genghis Khan (about 40) (1207): Genghis Khan conquers Jin Dynasty (Northern China) (1219): Genghis Khan conquers Kwarism (eastern Muslim country) (1223): Mongol force defeats Rus armies (1227): Genghis Khan dies (1240): Ogedai Khan conquers Rus (Russia) goes as far as Hungary and Poland (1241 Ogedai dies, ending invasion of Europe) (1258): Baghdad captured. Abbasid Caliphate ends (1264): Kublai becomes Khan. Conquers Song Dynasty (rest of China) (1294): Kublai dies, break up into four Khanates (1368): Ming dynasty reclaims China. Mongol Empire ends (1480): Russians kick out Mongols

Mongol Conquests

Mongol Empire: 1294

Trade Silk Road

Black Death (1346-53)