Long lasting change in behavior, due to experience Learning Long lasting change in behavior, due to experience

Classical Conditioning crash course khanacademy Ivan Pavlov studied digestion of dogs noticed dogs would salivate before they were given food (triggered by sounds, lights etc…) concluded: dogs must have LEARNED to salivate in response to stimuli other than the food Click above to see a reenactment of Pavlov’s experiments.

Classical Conditioning This is passive learning. First, we need an unconditional relationship. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) - something that elicits a natural, reflexive response Unconditioned Response (UCR) - response to the UCS

Classical Conditioning Next, we choose a neutral stimulus (something that by itself elicits no response). We present the stimulus with the UCS a whole bunch of times.

Classical Conditioning After a while, the body begins to link together the neutral stimulus with the UCS. Acquisition

Classical Conditioning We know learning takes places when the previously neutral stimulus provokes the response. At this point, the neutral stimulus is now a conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned response becomes the conditioned response (CR).

Classical Conditioning Acquisition is not permanent. The moment the CS is no longer associated with the UCS, we have EXTINCTION.

Spontaneous Recovery Sometimes, after extinction, the CR will randomly appear when CS is presented.

Classical Conditioning Examples See if you can identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR. Click above to see classical conditioning as portrayed in The Office. Click above to see classical conditioning in a high school student’s own “experiment”.

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE: UCS ? UCR? CS? CR? You typically take showers in the locker room after practice. During one such shower, you hear someone flushing a nearby toilet. Suddenly, extremely hot water rushes out of the shower head, causing serious discomfort. As you continue the shower, you hear another toilet flush and immediately jump out form under the shower head.

UCS? UCR? CS? CR? Your mother prepared a tuna sandwich for your lunch. Unfortunately, the mayonnaise she used had been left out too long and was spoiled. Not long after eating, you felt extremely nauseated and had to rush to the bathroom. Thereafter, the mere mention of a tuna sandwich sent you scurrying to the bathroom with a hurting stomach.

UCS? UCR? CS? CR? You were happy when you heard your family's plan to go to a water show. Then you heard the weather report, which predicted temperatures exceeding 100 degrees. As you watched the water skiers perform routines to blaring organ music, you got more and more sweaty and uncomfortable. Eventually, you fainted from the heat. After the family outing you could never again hear organ music without feeling a little dizzy.

Classical Conditioning and Humans John Watson brought classical conditioning to psychology with his “Baby Albert” experiment. Click the image to the left to see footage from the “Baby Albert” experiment.

Generalization and Discrimination khanacademy Something is so similar to the CS that there is the CR. Something is so different from the CS there is no CR.

Garcia and Koelling Study Studied rats / conditioning Conclusion #1 - Even if sickened several hours later, rats developed taste aversions. Conclusion #2 – Rats developed aversions to taste, but not sight, sound, etc. CS UCS CR Loud Noise Radiation (nausea) NONE Sweet Water Shock Avoid Water

Taste Aversions In cases of food paired with nausea & sickness, conditioning is incredibly strong. even when food and sickness are hours apart

Contingency Model Robert Rescorla revised Pavlov’s classical conditioning model starts with the realization that something must account for the ability to discriminate between stimuli emphasized the role of cognitive processes during acquisition said that classical conditioning “is not a stupid process by which the organism willy- nilly forms associations between any two stimuli that happen to occur.”

Operant Conditioning start @ 5:47 The Learner is NOT passive. Learning based on consequence!!! khan academy Big Bang

The Law of Effect Edward Thorndike Locked cats in crates Behavior changes because of its consequences Rewards strengthen behavior If consequences are unpleasant, the stimulus- reward connection will weaken. Called the whole process instrumental learning Click picture to see a better explanation of the Law of Effect.

B.F. Skinner Operant Conditioning Emphasized nurture (environment) and the minimal role of free-will / mental processes. Used a “Skinner Box” (Operant Conditioning Chamber) to prove his concepts.

Skinner Box

Reinforcers khanacademy A reinforcer is anything that strengthens (increases) a behavior Positive Reinforcement: The addition of something pleasant Negative Reinforcement: The removal of something unpleasant

Positively or Negatively Reinforced? Studying for a test. Putting your seatbelt on. Taking an aspirin. Receiving a kiss for doing the dishes. Faking sick and avoiding AP Psych class. Breaking out of jail.

+ Positive - Negative Reinforcement Punishment Gives something to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated (the subject wants this thing/condition) Takes something to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated (the subject does not want this thing/condition) Gives something to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated (the subject does not want this thing/condition) Takes something to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated (the subject would like to have this thing/condition)